正文 卷九  晋楚城濮之战(僖公二十八年)——仗越打越精

类别:史部 作者:左丘明 书名:春秋左传

    【原文】
【Original text】

    夏四月戊辰,晋侯、宋公、齐国归父、崔夭、秦小子懿次于城濮(1)。楚师背郄而舍(2),晋侯患之。听舆人之诵曰(3):“原田每每(4),舍其旧而新是谋(5)。”公疑焉。子犯曰:“战也!战而捷,必得诸候, 若其不捷,表里山河(6),必无害也。”公曰:“若楚惠何?”栾贞子 曰:“汉阳诸姬(7),楚实尽之。思小惠而忘大耻,不如战也。”晋侯 梦与楚子搏(8),楚子伏己而嘏其脑(9),是以惧。子犯曰:“吉。我得 天,楚伏其罪(10),吾且柔之矣(11)!”
On Wuchen in the fourth month of summer, the Marquis of Jin, Duke of Song, Gui Fu of Qi, Cui Yao, and Xiao Ziyi of Qin came to Chengpu (1). The Chu master carried his horse and abandoned it (2), and the Jin marquis was troubled. Listening to the recitation of Yu Ren said (3): "Harada always (4), abandoning the old and replacing it with the new is a plan (5)." There is public doubt. Zifu said: "War! If you fight successfully, you will win the princes. If you are not quick, the mountains and rivers (6) will be harmless." The duke said: "What will be the benefit of Chu?" Luan Zhenzi said: "The concubines of Hanyang (7), Chu is really exhausted. Thinking of small benefits and forgetting great shame is not as good as fighting." Marquis of Jin Dreaming of fighting with Chu Zi (8), Chu Zi bent over himself and grabbed his brain (9), so he was afraid. Zifan said: "Good luck. I have gained heaven, and I am able to overcome my sins (10), and I am gentle enough (11)!"

    子玉使斗勃请战(12),曰:“请与君之士戏(13),君冯轼而观之,得 臣与寓目焉(14)。”晋侯使栾枝对曰:“寡君闻命矣。楚君之惠,未之 敢忘,是以在此。为大夫退,其敢当君乎!既不获命矣,敢烦大 夫谓二三子(15):戒尔车乘(16),敬尔君事,诘朝将见(17)。”
Ziyu sent Dou Bo to ask for a battle (12), saying: "Please play with your nobles (13). Lord Feng Shi watched the show, and the ministers and Yu Mingyan (14)." The Marquis of Jin sent Luan Zhi to say to him: "I have heard of my order. I have not dared to forget the benefit of the Lord of Chu, so I am here. If I retire for a great man, he dares to be a king! If he has not received his order, he dares to trouble the great minister. The husband said to the second and third sons (15): "Be careful with your carriage (16), respect your affairs, and ask the court to see you (17)."

    晋车七百乘,靶、勒、鞅、鞴(18)。晋侯登有莘之墟以观师(19),曰: “少长有礼,其可用也。”遂伐其木,以益其兵。
There are seven hundred Jin chariots, including target, Le, martingale, and Tao (18). The Marquis of Jin went to Youxin's ruins to observe the master (19) and said: "Young masters are polite, so they can be used." Then he cut down his trees to benefit his troops.

    己巳,晋师陈于莘北,胥臣以下军之佐当陈、蔡(20)。子玉以若敖之六卒将中军(21),曰:“今日必无晋矣!”子西将左(22),子上将右(23)。胥臣蒙马以虎皮,先犯陈、蔡。陈、蔡奔,楚右师溃。狐毛设二 旆而退之(24),栾枝使舆曳柴而伪遁(25),楚师驰之,原轸、郄溱以中军公族横击之(26)。狐毛、狐偃以上军夹攻于西,楚左师溃。楚师败 绩。子玉收其卒而止,故不败。
At Jisi, the Jin general Chen Yu was in Xinbei, and Xu Chen served as an assistant to Chen and Cai in the army (20). Ziyu led the central army with Ruo Ao's six soldiers (21), saying: "There will be no Jin today!" Zixi general left (22), and Zishang general right (23). Xu Chen used the tiger skin on his horse and attacked Chen and Cai first. Chen and Cai fled, and Chu's right division was defeated. Hu Mao set up two and retreated (24), Luan Zhi sent his Yu to drag the firewood and fled (25), the Chu army rushed to it, Yuan Zhen and Qie Qin attacked it with the public clan of the Chinese army (26). The troops above Hu Mao and Hu Yan attacked in the west, and Chu Zuo's division collapsed. The Chu army was defeated. Ziyu collected his soldiers and stopped, so he was undefeated.

    晋师三日馆、谷(27),及癸酉而还。甲午,至于衡雍(28),作王宫 于践土(29)。
Jinshi Sanriguan, Gu (27), and Guiyou returned. In the Jiawu period, as for Hengyong (28), the palace was built in Jiantu (29).

    乡役之三月(30),郑伯如楚致其师(31)。为楚师既败而惧,使子人九行成于晋(32)。晋栾枝人盟郑伯。五月丙午,晋侯及郑伯盟于衡雍。 丁未,献楚俘于王(33):驷介百乘(34),徒兵千。郑伯傅王(35),用平礼也(36)。己酉,王享醴,命晋侯宥(37)。王命尹氏及王子虎、内史叔兴父策命晋候为侯伯(38),赐之大辂之服、戎辂之服(39),彤弓一,彤矢百,舻 弓矢千(40),钜氅一卣(41),虎贲三百人(42)。曰:“王谓叔父(43):‘敬服王命,以绥四国,纠逖王慝(44)。’”晋侯三辞,从命,曰:“重耳敢再拜稽首,奉扬天子之丕显休命(45)。”受策以出。出入三觐(46)。
In the third month of rural service (30), Zheng Boru Chu sent his army to his army (31). Because the Chu army was defeated and fearful, he made his disciples succeed in Jin (32). Zheng Bo, a member of the Luanzhi People's Alliance in Jin Dynasty. On Bingwu in the fifth month, the Marquis of Jin and Zheng Bo formed an alliance at Hengyong. Ding Wei, offered Chu prisoners to the king (33): Si introduced hundreds of vehicles (34), with thousands of soldiers. Zheng Bofu Wang (35) uses Pingli (36). Jiyou, Wang Xiangli, ordered Jinhou You (37). The king ordered the Yin family, Wang Zihu, and the internal history uncle Xingfu to appoint the Marquis of Jin as Hou Bo (38). They were given the clothes of a big chariot and a military chariot (39), a red bow with a hundred arrows, a bow with a thousand arrows (40), a huge cloak with a 卣 (41), and three hundred tiger warriors (42). Said: "The king said to his uncle (43): 'Respect the king's order, to appease the four kingdoms, and to correct King Ti (44).'" The Marquis of Jin said three words, obeying the order, and said: "Chong'er dares to pay homage to Jishou again, in order to honor the emperor's order of Pi Xian's death (45)." After receiving the advice, he came out. Entering and exiting three pilgrimages (46).

    卫候闻楚师败,惧,出奔楚,遂适陈。使元喧奉叔武以受盟(47)。 癸亥,王子虎盟诸侯于王庭,要言曰(48):“皆奖王室,无相害也。有 渝此盟,明神殛之(49),俾队其师(50),无克祚国(51),及而玄孙,无有老幼。”君子谓是盟也信,谓晋于是役也,能以德攻。
When the Marquis of Wei heard that the Chu army had been defeated, he was frightened and ran to Chu. Yuan Xuan was sent to Shuwu to accept the alliance (47). In Guihai, Prince Hu made an alliance with the princes in the royal court and said (48): "They all reward the royal family and do not harm each other. If there is an alliance between Chongqing and Mingshen, they will kill it (49), and they will lead their troops (50). They will not conquer Zuo's country (51). There will be no great-great-grandson, old or young." A gentleman believes in this alliance and believes that Jin is serving in the army and can attack with virtue.

    初,楚子玉自为琼弁玉缨(52),未之服也。先战,梦河神谓己曰: “畀余(53),余赐女盂诸之糜(54)。”弗致也。大心与子西使荣黄谏(55),弗听。荣季曰:“死而利国,犹或为之,况琼玉乎!是粪土也,而可 以济师,将何爱焉?”弗听。出,告二子日:“非神败令尹,令尹 其不勤民,实自败也。”既败,王使谓之曰:“大夫若入,其若申、 息之老何?”子西。孙伯曰:“得臣将死,二臣止之,曰:‘君其将 以为戮。’”及连谷而死(56)。
At the beginning, Chu Ziyu was a Qiong Bian Yuying (52), but he was not convinced. Before the battle, Menghe God said to him: "Give me a gift (53), and I will give you my daughter, Meng Zhu Zhimi (54)." It's not true. Daxin and Zixi sent Ronghuang to admonish him (55), but they didn't listen. Rong Ji said: "It is possible to die and benefit the country, how much better is Qiongyu! It is dung and soil, but it can help the army, how can you love it?" He didn't listen. When he came out, he told his second son: "It was not God who defeated your Majesty Yin, but your Majesty Yin failed to work hard for the people, so he actually defeated himself." After defeat, the king's envoy said to him: "If the official comes in, how can he be so old?" Zixi. Sun Bo said: "The minister was about to die, but the two ministers stopped him and said: 'You and his generals are going to kill you.'" And Lian Gu died (56).

    晋侯闻之,而后喜可知也。曰:“莫余毒也已(57)!为吕臣实为令尹(58),民奉己而已,不在民矣(59)。”
When the Marquis of Jin heard about it, he was delighted. Said: "No more poison is left (57)! I am Lu Chen, but I am your commander (58). The people only serve me, not the people (59)."

    【注释】
【Note】

    (1)晋侯:指晋文公重耳。宋公:宋成公,襄公之子。国归父、崔夭:均 为齐国大夫。秦小子懿(yin):秦穆公之子。城濮:卫国地名,在今河南陈 留。 (2)背:背靠着。郄(xi):城濮附近一个险要的丘陵地带。(3)诵:不配乐曲的歌曲。 (4)原田:原野。每每:青草茂盛的样子。 (5)舍其旧:除掉旧草的根子。新是谋:谋新,指开辟新田耕种。(6)表:外。里:内。山:指太行山,河:黄河。 (7)汉阳:汉水北面。 (8)搏:徒手对打,格斗。 (9)伏己:伏在晋文公身上。嘏(gu):吮吸。(10)得天:面朝天,意思是得到天助。伏其罪:面朝地像认罪。 (11)柔之:软化他,意思是使他驯服。 (12)斗勃:楚国大夫。 (13)戏:较量。 (14)得臣:子玉的字。寓目:观看。 (15)大夫:指斗勃。二三子:指楚军将领子玉、子西等人。 (16)戒:准备好。 (17)诘朝:明天早上。 (18)靶(xian):马背上的皮件。勒:马胸部的皮件。鞅(yang):马腹的皮件。鞴(ban):马后的皮件。 (19)有莘(shen):古代国名,在今河南陈留县东北,虚,同“墟”,旧城废址。 (20)陈、蔡:陈、蔡两国军队属于楚军右师。 (21)中军:楚军分为左、中、右三军,中军是最高统帅。 (22):子西:楚国左军统 帅斗宜申的字。(23)子上;楚国右军统帅斗勃的字。(24)旆(pei)装 饰有飘带的大旗,(25)舆曳柴:战车后面拖着树枝。(26)中军公族:晋 文公统率的亲兵。横:拦腰。(27)馆:驻扎,这里指住在楚国军营。谷:吃 粮食,指吃楚军丢弃的军粮。(28)衡雍:郑国地名,在今河南原阳西。 (29)践土:郑国地名,在今河南原阳西南。(30)乡(xiang):不久之前。役:指城濮之战。(31)致其师:将郑国军队交给楚军指挥。(32)子人九:郑 国大夫,姓子人,名九。行成:休战讲和。(33)王:指周襄王。(34)驷 介:四马披甲。 (35)傅:主持礼节仪式。(36)用平礼:用周平王的礼节。 (37)宥:同“侑”,劝酒。(38)严氏、王子虎:周王室的执政大臣。内史:掌管爵禄策命的官。策命:在竹简上写上命令。侯伯:诸侯之长。(39)大 辂(lu)之服:与礼车相配套的服饰仪仗。戎辂之服:乘兵车时的服饰仪仗。 (40)舻(lu):黑色。(41)钜氅(ju chang):用黑黍米和香草酿成的香酒。 卣(you):盛酒的器具。(42)虎贲(ben):勇士。(43)叔父:天子对同 姓诸侯的称呼。这里指晋文公重耳。(44)纠:检举,逖(ti):惩治。慝 (te):坏人。(45)丕:大。显:明。休:美。(46)出入:来回。三觐:进 见了三次。(47)元喧(xuan):卫国大夫。奉:拥戴。叔武:卫成公的弟弟。 (48)要(yao)言:约言,立下誓言。(49)殛(ji):惩罚。(50)俾:使。 队:同“坠”,灭亡。(51)克;能。祚:享有。(52)琼弁:用美玉装饰的 马冠。缨:套在马脖子上的革带。(53)畀(bi):送给。(54)孟诸:宋国 地名,在今河南商丘东北;糜:同“媚”,水边草地。孟诸之糜:指宋国的土 地。(55)大心:孙伯,子玉的儿子。荣黄:荣季,楚国大夫。(56)连谷: 楚国地名。(57)毒;危害。莫余毒;莫毒余。(58)为吕臣:楚国大夫,在 于玉之后任楚国令尹。(59)奉己:奉养自己。不在民:不为民事着想。
(1) Marquis of Jin: refers to Chong'er, Duke Wen of Jin. Duke of Song: Duke Cheng of Song, son of Duke Xiang. Guogui's father and Cui Yao were both officials of the state of Qi. Qin Xiaoziyi (yin): the son of Duke Mu of Qin. Chengpu: The place name of Weiguo, in present-day Chenliu, Henan. (2) Back: leaning on one’s back. Che (xi): a dangerous hilly area near Chengpu. (3) Chanting: a song without music. (4) Harada: Wilderness. Every time: The grass is lush. (5) Get rid of the old: get rid of the roots of the old grass. Xin means seeking: seeking new means opening up new fields for cultivation. (6) Table: outside. Li: inside. Mountain: refers to the Taihang Mountains, river: the Yellow River. (7) Hanyang: North of Han River. (8) Fight: Fight with bare hands, fight. (9) Fu Ji: Fu Ji: Fu Ji.嘏(gu): suck. (10) Detian: Facing the sky means getting help from heaven. Confess one's sins: face the ground and confess your sins. (11) Rouzhi: To soften him means to tame him. (12) Dou Bo: A doctor of Chu State. (13) Drama: Contest. (14) Dechen: Ziyu’s word. Appreciation: watching. (15) Doctor: refers to Dou Bo. Ersanzi: refers to the Chu army generals Ziyu, Zixi and others. (16) Ring: Be prepared. (17) Hechao: Tomorrow morning. (18) Target (xian): leather goods on horseback. Le: leather goods on horse chest. Martingale (yang): leather goods on the belly of a horse. Tao (ban): leather goods worn by horses. (19) Youxin (shen): the name of an ancient country, located in the northeast of Chenliu County, Henan Province. It is the same as "xu", the ruins of the old city. (20) Chen and Cai: The armies of Chen and Cai belong to the right division of the Chu army. (21) Central Army: The Chu Army is divided into three armies: left, center and right. The Central Army is the supreme commander. (22): Zixi: The word of Yishen, the commander-in-chief of the left army of Chu State. (23) Zishang; the name of Dou Bo, the commander-in-chief of Chu’s right army. (24) 旆(pei) A large flag decorated with streamers, (25) Yuyi Chai: branches are dragged behind the chariot. (26) Zhongjun duke clan: the personal soldiers commanded by Duke Wen of Jin. Horizontal: block the waist. (27) Guan: Stationed, here refers to living in the Chu State military camp. Gu: eating grain refers to eating the military rations discarded by the Chu army. (28) Hengyong: The place name of Zheng State, in the west of Yuanyang, Henan Province today. (29) Jiantu: The place name of Zheng State, southwest of Yuanyang, Henan Province today. (30) Township (xiang): Not long ago. Battle: refers to the battle of Chengpu. (31) To his division: Put the Zheng army under the command of the Chu army. (32) Zi Ren Jiu: A doctor of Zheng Guo, whose surname is Zi Ren and whose given name is Jiu. Success: truce and peace. (33) King: refers to King Zhou Xiang. (34) Siji: Four horses wearing armor. (35) Fu: Preside over the etiquette ceremony. (36) Use Pingli: Use the etiquette of King Ping of Zhou. (37) You: Same as "Yu", urging you to drink. (38) Yan, Wang Zihu: the ruling ministers of the Zhou royal family. Internal history: The official in charge of Jue Lu policy. Order: Write the order on the bamboo slips. Hou Bo: the leader of the princes. (39) Dalu (lu) clothing: the clothing and honor guard matching the ceremonial car. Rongren uniform: the clothing and honor guard when riding in a military vehicle. (40) 舻 (lu): black. (41)ju chang: a fragrant wine made from black millet and vanilla. 卣(you): A vessel for holding wine. (42) Huben (ben): warrior. (43) Uncle: The emperor’s name for princes with the same surname. This refers to Duke Wen of Jin, Chong'er. (44) Correction: report, Ti (ti): punishment.杝 (te): bad guy. (45) Pi: big. obvious. Hugh: Beautiful. (46) In and out: back and forth. Three visits: I went to see him three times. (47) Yuan Xuan (xuan): Doctor of Weiguo. Bong: support. Shu Wu: Wei Chenggong's younger brother. (48) Yao (yao): Make a promise, make a vow. (49) 殛(ji): Punishment. (50) Bi: To make. Team: Same as "fall", perish. (51) Gram; can. Zuo: enjoy. (52) Qiongbian: A horse crown decorated with beautiful jade. Tassel: A leather belt worn around a horse's neck. (53) Give (bi): Give to. (54) Meng Zhu: Place name of the Song Dynasty, in the northeast of Shangqiu, Henan Province; Mi: Same as "Mei", grassland by the water. Meng Zhuzhimi: refers to the land of the Song Dynasty. (55) Daxin: Uncle Sun, son of Ziyu. Ronghuang: Rongji, a senior official of the state of Chu. (56) Liangu: The place name of Chu State. (57) Poison; harm. Don’t leave poison behind; don’t leave poison behind. (58) For Lu Chen: a senior official of the Chu State, who served as the magistrate of the Chu State after Yu Yu. (59) Fengji: Support yourself. Not for the people: not thinking about the people.

    【译文】
【Translation】

    夏天四月初三,晋文公、宋成公、齐国大夫国归父、崔夭、秦 国公子小子懿带领军队进驻城濮。楚军背靠着险要的名叫郄的丘 陵扎营,晋文公对此很忧虑。他听到士兵们唱的歌辞说:“原野上 青草多茂盛,除掉旧根播新种。”晋文公心中疑虑。狐偃说:“打 吧!打了胜仗,一定会得到诸侯拥戴。如果打不胜,晋国外有黄 河,内有太行,也必定不会受什么损害。”晋文公说:“楚国从前 对我们的恩惠怎么办呢?”栾枝说:“汉水北面那些姬姓的诸侯国, 全被楚国吞并了。想着过去的小恩小惠,会忘记这个奇耻大辱,不 如同楚国打一仗。”晋大公夜里梦见同楚成王格斗,楚成王把他打 倒,趴在他身上吸他的脑汁,因此有些害怕。狐偃说:“这是吉利 的征兆。我们得到天助,楚王面向地伏罪,我们会使他驯服的。”
On the third day of April in the summer, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Cheng of Song, Qi officials Guo Guifu, Cui Yao, and Qin's son Xiaoziyi led their troops to garrison Chengpu. The Chu army camped with its back on a dangerous hill called Qie. Duke Wen of Jin was very worried about this. He heard a song sung by the soldiers, saying: "The grass is luxuriant in the wilderness. Get rid of the old roots and sow new seeds." Duke Wen of Jin had doubts. Hu Yan said: "Let's fight! If we win the battle, we will definitely win the support of the princes. If we fail to win, there will be no harm to Jin because there is the Yellow River outside the country and Taihang within it." Jin Wengong said, "What will happen to the kindness that the Chu State did to us in the past?" Luan Zhi said, "The vassal states with the surname Ji to the north of the Han River were all annexed by the Chu State. Thinking about the small favors in the past, you will forget this shame and great humiliation. It's like fighting a battle in the Chu Kingdom." The Grand Duke of Jin dreamed of fighting with King Chu Cheng at night. King Chu Cheng knocked him down and lay on top of him to suck his brains, so he was a little scared. Hu Yan said: "This is an auspicious sign. We have God's help. King Chu faces the earth and confesses his sins. We will make him tame."

    子玉派斗勃来挑战,对晋文公说:“我请求同您的士兵们较量 一番,您可以扶着车前的横木观看,我子玉也要奉陪观看。”晋文 公让栾枝回答说:“我们的国君领教了。楚王的恩惠我们不敢忘记, 所以才退到这里,对大夫子玉我们都要退让,又怎么敢抵挡楚君 呢?既然得不到贵国退兵的命令,那就劳您费心转告贵国将领:准 备好你们的战车,认真对待贵君交付的任务,咱们明天早晨战场 上见。”
Ziyu sent Dou Bo to challenge him and said to Duke Wen of Jin: "I would like to compete with your soldiers. You can hold on to the crossbar in front of the chariot and watch, and I, Ziyu, will accompany you to watch." Duke Wen of Jin asked Luan Zhi to reply: "Our king has learned this. We dare not forget the kindness of King Chu, so we retreat here. We all have to give in to Master Ziyu, so how dare we resist King Chu. What? Since I haven't received an order from your country to withdraw, please take the trouble to tell your generals: Prepare your tanks and take the mission assigned by your Lord seriously. We will see you on the battlefield tomorrow morning."

    晋军有七百辆战车,车马装备齐全。晋文公登上古莘旧城 的遗址检阅了军容,说:“年轻的和年长的都很有礼貌,我们可以 用来作战了。”于是晋军砍伐当地树木,作为补充作战的器械。
The Jin army has 700 chariots, fully equipped with chariots and horses. Duke Wen of Jin went up to the ruins of the old city of Guxin to inspect the military appearance, and said: "The young and old are very polite, we can use them for fighting." So the Jin army cut down local trees to use as additional fighting equipment.

    四月初四,晋军在莘北摆好阵势,下军副将胥臣领兵抵挡限陈、 蔡两国军队。楚国主将子玉用若敖氏的六百兵卒为主力,说:“今 天必定将晋国消灭了!”子西统率楚国左军,斗勃统率楚国右军。 晋将胥臣用虎皮把战马蒙上,首先攻击陈、蔡联军。陈、蔡联军 逃奔,楚国的右军溃败了。晋国上军主将狐毛树起两面大旗假装 撤迟,晋国下军主将栾枝让战车拖着树枝假装逃跑,楚军受骗追 击,原轸和郄溱率领晋军中军精锐兵力向楚军拦腰冲杀。狐毛和 狐偃指挥上军从两边夹击子西,楚国的左军也溃败了。结果楚军 大败。子玉及早收兵不动,所以他的中军没有溃败。
On the fourth day of April, the Jin army took up a position in Xinbei, and its deputy general Xu Chen led troops to resist the armies of Chen and Cai. Ziyu, the general of the Chu State, used Ruo'ao's 600 soldiers as the main force and said: "Today we will definitely destroy the Jin State!" Zixi led the Chu State's left army, and Dou Bo led the Chu State's right army. Jin general Xu Chen covered his horse with tiger skin and attacked the combined forces of Chen and Cai first. The combined forces of Chen and Cai fled, and Chu's right army was defeated. Jin's superior general Hu Feo raised two banners and pretended to be delayed. Jin's lower general Luan Zhi had his chariot drag the tree branches and pretend to escape. The Chu army was deceived and pursued them. Yuan Zhen and Qie Qin led the Jin army's elite troops to attack the Chu army. Hu Mao and Hu Yan commanded the upper army to attack Zixi from both sides, and Chu's left army was also defeated. As a result, the Chu army was defeated. Ziyu withdrew his troops early and did not move, so his central army was not defeated.

    晋军在楚军营地住了三天,吃缴获的军粮,到四月八日才班 师回国。四月二十九日,晋军到达衡雍,在践土为周襄王造了一 座行官。
The Jin army stayed in the Chu army's camp for three days, eating captured military rations, and did not return home until April 8. On April 29, the Jin army arrived at Hengyong and built a palace for King Xiang of Zhou Dynasty in Jiantu.

    在城濮之战前的三个月,郑文公曾到楚国去把郑国军队交给 楚国指挥,现在郑文公因为楚军打了败仗而感到害怕,便派子人 九去向晋国求和。晋国的栾枝去郑国与郑文公议盟。五月十一日, 晋文公和郑文公在衡雍订立了盟约。五月十二日,晋文公把楚国 的俘虏献给周襄王,有四马披甲的兵车一百辆,步兵一千人。郑 文公替周襄王主持典礼仪式,用从前周平王接待晋文侯的礼节来 接待晋文公。五月十四日,周襄王用甜酒款待晋文公,并劝晋文 公进酒。周襄王命令尹氏、王子虎和内史叔兴父用策书任命晋文 公为诸侯首领,赏赐给他一辆大辂车和整套服饰仪仗,一辆大戎 车和整套服饰仪仗,红色的弓一把,红色的箭一百支,黑色的弓 十把,黑色的箭一千支,黑黍米酿造的香酒一卣,勇士三百人,并 说:“周王对叔父说:‘恭敬地服从周王的命令,安抚四方诸侯,监 督惩治坏人。’”晋文公辞让了三次,才接受了王命,说:“重耳再 拜叩首,接受并发扬周天子伟大、光明、美善的命令。”晋文公接 受策书迟出,前后三次朝见了周襄王。
Three months before the Battle of Chengpu, Zheng Wengong went to Chu to hand over the Zheng army to Chu's command. Now Zheng Wengong was afraid because the Chu army was defeated, so he sent his son Jiu to sue for peace with Jin. Luan Zhi of Jin State went to Zheng State to discuss an alliance with Zheng Wengong. On May 11th, Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Wen of Zheng entered into an alliance at Hengyong. On the twelfth day of the fifth month, Duke Wen of Jin presented the prisoners of Chu to King Xiang of Zhou, including one hundred armored chariots with four horses and one thousand infantry. Duke Wen of Zheng presided over the ceremony for King Zhou Xiang and received Duke Wen of Jin with the same etiquette that King Ping of Zhou used to receive Marquis Wen of Jin. On May 14, King Xiang of Zhou entertained Duke Wen of Jin with sweet wine and persuaded Duke Wen of Jin to drink wine. King Zhou Xiang ordered the Yin family, Wang Zihu and his uncle Xingfu to use the policy book to appoint Jin Wengong as the leader of the princes, and rewarded him with a large chariot and a complete set of costumes and honor guards, a large military chariot and a complete set of costumes and honor guards, a red bow, a hundred red arrows, ten black bows, a thousand black arrows, a bottle of fragrant wine brewed from black millet, three hundred warriors, and Said: "The King of Zhou said to his uncle: 'Respectfully obey the orders of the King of Zhou, appease the princes from all directions, supervise and punish the bad guys.'" Jin Wengong resigned three times before accepting the king's order, saying: "Chong'er bows and kowtows again, accept and carry forward the great, bright and beautiful order of the Emperor of Zhou." Jin Wengong came out late to accept the policy letter, and met with King Zhou Xiang three times.

    卫成公听到楚军被晋军打败了,很害怕,出逃到楚国,后又 逃到陈国。卫国派元喧辅佐叔武去接受晋国与诸侯的盟约。五月 二十八日,土子虎和诸侯在周王的厅堂订立了盟约,并立下誓辞 说:“各位诸侯都要扶助王室,不能互相残害。如果有人违背盟誓, 圣明的神灵会惩罚他,使他的军队覆灭,不能再享有国家,直到 他的子孙后代,不论年长年幼,都逃不脱惩罚。”君子认为这个盟 约是诚信的,说晋国在这次战役中是依凭德义进行的征讨。
When Duke Cheng of Wei heard that the Chu army had been defeated by the Jin army, he was very frightened and fled to Chu and then to Chen. The Wei State sent Yuan Xuan to assist Shu Wu to accept the alliance between the Jin State and the princes. On May 28th, Tu Zihu and the princes made an alliance in the hall of King Zhou, and swore an oath: "All princes must support the royal family and not harm each other. If someone violates the oath, the holy gods will punish him, destroy his army, and no longer enjoy the country, until his descendants, no matter how old or young, will not escape punishment." The gentleman believes that this alliance The promise was made in good faith, saying that the Jin State conducted its conquest based on virtue and righteousness in this battle.

    当初,楚国的子玉自己做了一套用美玉装饰的马冠和马秧,还 没有用上。交战之前,子玉梦见河神对自己说:“把它们送给我! 我赏赐给你宋国孟诸的沼泽地。”子玉不肯送给河神。子玉的儿子 大心和楚国大夫子西让荣黄去劝子玉,子玉不听。荣黄说:‘人死 了能对国家有利,也要去死,何况是美玉!它们不过是粪土,如 果可以用来帮助军队得胜,有什么可以吝惜的?”子玉还是不听。 荣黄出来告诉大心和子西说:“不是河神要让令尹打败仗,而是令 尹不肯为民众尽力,实在是自找失败。”楚军战败后,楚王派人对 子玉说:“如果你回楚国来,怎么对申、息两地的父老们交代呢?” 子西和大心对使臣说:“子玉本来想自杀,我们两入拦住他说: “国君还要惩罚你呢。’”子玉到了连谷就自杀了。
At the beginning, Ziyu of Chu State made a set of horse crowns and horse seedlings decorated with beautiful jade, but they were not used yet. Before the battle, Ziyu dreamed that the river god said to him: "Give them to me! I will reward you with the swamps of Mengzhu in the Song Dynasty." Ziyu refused to give them to the river god. Ziyu's son Daxin and Zixi, a senior official in the state of Chu, asked Ronghuang to persuade Ziyu, but Ziyu refused to listen. Ronghuang said: "If a person's death can benefit the country, he must die, let alone a beautiful jade!" They are nothing but dung. If they can be used to help the army win, what can be grudged about? "Ziyu still didn't listen. Ronghuang came out and told Daxin and Zixi, "It's not that the river god wants Lingyin to lose the battle, but that Lingyin refuses to do his best for the people. He is really asking for failure. After the Chu army was defeated, the King of Chu sent someone to say to Ziyu: "If you come back to Chu, how will you explain to the elders in Shen and Xi?" Zixi and Daxin said to the envoys, "Ziyu wanted to commit suicide, but we stopped him and said, "The king wants to punish you.'" Ziyu committed suicide when he arrived at Liangu.

    晋文公听到于玉自杀的消息,喜形于色他说:“今后没有人危 害我了!楚国的为吕臣当令尹,只知道保全自己,不会为老百姓 着想。
When Duke Wen of Jin heard the news of Yu Yu's suicide, he was overjoyed and said: "No one will harm me from now on! The people of Chu who serve as Lu Chen only know how to protect themselves and don't think about the common people."

    【读解】
【Interpretation】

    城濮之战是春秋时代晋国和楚国争夺霸权的一场关键之战, 以晋国取胜而告终,众多的诸候国都卷入了这场两强相争。
The Battle of Chengpu was a key battle between Jin and Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period for hegemony. It ended with Jin's victory. Many vassal states were involved in this struggle between the two powers.

    这种乱哄哄你方斗罢我登台的局面,不禁使人想到,尽管大 家都在表面上推崇周天子,实际上都是拉大旗作虎皮,打着天子 的旗号,拼命扩展自己的实力,捞取自己的好处。王权早已衰败 到徒有虚名,谁愿意就可以用来谋私利。因此,权威和偶像已经 坍塌了。
This chaotic situation of you fighting me and taking the stage makes people think that although everyone respects the Emperor of Zhou on the surface, in fact they are using the banner as a tiger skin, using the banner of the emperor to desperately expand their own strength and reap their own benefits. The royal power has long since declined to the point where it has become nothing more than a mere name, and can be used for personal gain by anyone who wishes. Therefore, authority and idols have collapsed.

    同时,神的权威和祖先的权威也坍塌了。在一场决定命运的 大战之前,人们不再祭祝神灵和祖先,所谓的“梦”,不过是一种 虚伪的附会而已,恐怕连做“梦”的人也没有把他们的“梦”当 回事,只把自己的成败得失当回事。
At the same time, the authority of gods and ancestors also collapsed. Before a fateful battle, people no longer worship gods and ancestors. The so-called "dream" is just a false attachment. I am afraid that even the "dream" people do not take their "dream" seriously, only their own success or failure.

    莫非这种状况真像古人说的,天下合久必分,分久一合?
Could it be that this situation is really like what the ancients said: if the world is united for a long time, it will be divided, and if it is divided for a long time, it will be united?

    合,必须要有一个中心,用今天的话来说,叫凝聚力,它以 强大的力量把四方八面、形形色色的人等团结在一起,拧成一股 绳。这种凝聚力不应当只是精神上的,还应当有实力的威慑。单 纯精神的力量——神灵,祖先,天子等等,在现实中不足以同利 益、私欲想抗衡,信念和现实利益冲突总是不可避免的。只有精 神力量加上制约和惩罚的措施、手段,以及实力的威慑,才可能 形成一个具有凝聚力的中心。
To unite, there must be a center. In today's terms, it is called cohesion. It uses powerful force to unite people of all kinds from all directions and twist them into a rope. This cohesion should not only be spiritual, but should also be a deterrent with strength. Pure spiritual power - gods, ancestors, emperor, etc., is not enough to compete with interests and selfish desires in reality. Conflicts between beliefs and real interests are always inevitable. Only by combining spiritual strength with measures and means of restriction and punishment, as well as the deterrence of strength, can a cohesive center be formed.

    分,当中心的凝聚力衰退,中心之外的实力逐渐强大起来之 时,中心便会瓦解,或者有名无实,形成群龙无首的局面,诸侯 割据,军阀混战,便是中心崩溃分化的结果。
points, when the cohesion of the center declines and the strength outside the center gradually becomes stronger, the center will collapse or become in name only, forming a leaderless situation. The feudal princes will segregate themselves and the warlords will fight. This is the result of the collapse and differentiation of the center.

    分裂时间久了,强者在不断蚕食弱者中日益强大,弱者一个 接一个被蚕食和吞并,然后再凭实力统一起来。可以设想,仅仅 凭实力建立霸权的确可以成功,事实上也有过例证,比如秦始皇, 但是这样做很难持久,很难形成真正稳固的凝聚力。
As the division lasted for a long time, the strong became stronger and stronger while constantly cannibalizing the weak. The weak were cannibalized and annexed one after another, and then were unified by strength. It is conceivable that establishing hegemony based solely on strength can indeed succeed. In fact, there have been examples, such as Qin Shihuang. However, it is difficult to last long and form a truly stable cohesion.

    权威不可能没有,但不应当是形同虚设的。晋文公重耳,可 以称雄一时,最终未能一统天下,这本身也表明他还不具有真正 的权威。不过,他在一定范围内的成功,还是表明他不愧为一代 豪杰,他的成功并不是偶然的。
Authority cannot exist, but it should not be in name only. Duke Wen of Jin, Chong'er, could dominate for a while, but ultimately failed to unify the world, which in itself showed that he did not yet have real authority. However, his success within a certain range still shows that he is worthy of being a hero of his generation, and his success is not accidental.

    年轻时的流亡生活的磨炼,为晋文公重耳的称雄作了远铺垫。 城濮之战的获胜,与重耳严政教民,君臣上下团结一心,运用外 交手段拉拢盟国,在战场上讲究战术和谋略等做法有直接关系。
The training of the exile life in his youth paved the way for Jin Wengong Chong'er's dominance. The victory of the Battle of Chengpu was directly related to Chong'er's strict administration and teaching of the people, the unity of the emperor and his ministers, the use of diplomatic means to win over allies, and the emphasis on tactics and strategies on the battlefield.

    由此我们可以见出,战争到了春秋时代已经变成了一门复杂 的艺术,远古时代的打仗办法已经大大地落后了。战争的环节更 多,涉及的方面更广,对智慧的要求更高,矛盾斗争更加错综复 杂。有勇有谋已不足以取胜,还要善于搞外交,搞“统一战线”, 还要善于笼络民心,保证“后院”不会起火,还要善于把各种不 利因素转化为有利条件。总而言之,仗是越打越精了。
From this we can see that war had become a complex art by the Spring and Autumn Period, and the methods of fighting in ancient times had lagged far behind. War has more links, involves wider aspects, requires higher wisdom, and the contradictions and struggles are more complicated. Being brave and resourceful is no longer enough to win. We must be good at diplomacy and a "united front". We must also be good at winning over people's hearts and minds to ensure that there will be no fire in the "backyard". We must also be good at turning various unfavorable factors into favorable conditions. All in all, the battle is getting better and better.

    在这种情况下,做一个统治者的确不那么容易。对他的要求, 几乎是对一个全才的要求:他必须是个出色的政治家,同时也是 优秀的外交家、军事家、鼓动家、谋咯家,要懂得天文地理,也 要懂得处世为人,礼仪制度,要有充沛的体力和精力来应付各种 繁杂的事情。这种统治者离孔子所理想的统治者相去实在太远,在 这时讲“克己复礼”,是多么不合时宜!

In this case, being a ruler is indeed not that easy. The requirements for him are almost the requirements for an all-rounder: he must be an excellent politician, but also an excellent diplomat, military strategist, agitator, and planner. He must understand astronomy and geography, as well as how to behave in the world, etiquette and systems, and must have sufficient physical strength and energy to deal with various complicated things. This kind of ruler is far from the ideal ruler of Confucius. It is so inappropriate to talk about "restraining oneself and restoring propriety" at this time!

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