正文 卷五  宫之奇谏假道(僖公二年、五年)——唇亡齿寒的历史教训

类别:史部 作者:左丘明 书名:春秋左传

    【原文】
【Original text】

    晋荀息请以屈产之乘与垂棘之璧,假道于虞以伐虢(1)。公曰(2): “是吾宝也。”对曰:“若得道于虞,犹外府也。”公曰:“宫之奇存焉(3)。”对曰:“宫之奇为人也,懦而不能强谏。且少长于君,君昵之。虽谏,将不听。”乃使荀息假道于虞,曰:“冀不为道(4),入自颠柃(5),伐溟三门(6)。冀之既病(7),则亦唯君故。今虢为不道,保 于逆旅(8),以侵敝邑之南鄙。敢请假道,以请罪于虢(9)”虞公许之, 且请先伐虢。宫之奇谏,不听,遂起师。夏,晋里克。荀息帅师 会虞师,伐虢(10),灭下阳(11)。(以上僖公二年)
Xun Xi of the Jin Dynasty requested that he use the chariot of Qu Chan and the jade of the hanging thorn to defeat Guo (1). Public said (2): "This is my treasure." He said to him, "If he learned the truth from Yu, he would be like a foreigner." The duke said, "The wonder of the palace is there (3)." He said to him, "The wonder of the palace is like a human being. He is cowardly and cannot give strong advice. And if he is not good enough for you, he will be fond of you." Although he remonstrates, he will not listen." He sent Xun Xi to Yu, saying: "Ji is not the way (4), enter Zidianzhen (5), and attack the three gates of Ming (6). Since Ji is sick (7), it is the only reason why Guo is not the way. In Nilu (8), he invaded the southern part of the city. If he dares to ask for leave, he will plead guilty to Guo (9). "Yu Gong agreed and asked to attack Guo first. The palace's advice was not listened to, so he set out to fight. Xia, Jinliqi. Commander Xun Xi met the Yu army, defeated Guo (10), and destroyed Xia Yang (11). (The above is the second year of Xi Gong)

    晋侯复假道于虞以伐虢。宫之奇谏曰:“虢,虞之表也(12)。 虢亡,虞必从之。晋不可启(13),寇不可玩(14)。一之谓甚(15)其可再乎?谚所谓‘辅车相依,唇亡齿寒’者(16), 其虞、虢之谓也。”公曰: “晋,吾宗也(17),岂害我哉?”对曰:“大伯、虞仲,大王之昭也、大伯不从(19),是以不嗣(20)。虢仲、虢叔,王季之穆也(21);为文王卿士(22), 勋在王室,藏于盟府(23),将虢是灭,何爱于虞、且虞能亲于桓、庄乎,其爱之也?桓、庄之族何罪,而以为戮,不唯幅乎?亲以宠幅,犹尚害之,况以国乎?”公曰:“吾享祀丰髫(24),神必据我(25)。” 对曰:“臣闻之:‘鬼神非人实亲,惟德是依。’故《周书》曰(26): ‘皇天无亲(27),惟德是辅(28)。’又曰:‘黍稷非馨,明德惟馨(29)。’又曰: ‘民不易物,惟德繁物(30)。’如是,则非德民不和,神不享矣。神所 冯依(31),将在德矣。若晋取虞,而明德以荐馨香(32),神其吐之乎(33)?” 弗从,许晋使。宫之奇以其族行(34),曰:“虞不腊矣(35)。在此行也, 晋不更举矣(36)。”
The Marquis of Jin returned to Yu and attacked Guo. Gong Zhiqi's admonition said: "Guo is the epitome of Yu (12). If Guo dies, Yu will follow him. Jin cannot start (13), and the bandits cannot play (14). What is one called (15) and how can it be more? As the proverb says, 'auxiliary chariots depend on each other, lips are dead and teeth are cold' (16), the two are called Yu and Guo." Gong said: "Jin, my ancestor (17), how can you harm me?" He said to him: "Uncle, Yu Zhong, the king's Zhao Ye, the uncle did not obey (19), so there will be no heirs (20). Guo Zhong, Guo Shu, Wang Jizhi Muye (21); they are the ministers of King Wen (22), Xun is in the royal family and hidden in the League Mansion (23). How can Yu love Yu and be close to Huan and Zhuang? What is the crime of the Huan and Zhuang clans, not only to kill them? How about harming them if they are close to each other (24)? God will take control of me (25). He said: "I heard that: 'Ghosts and gods are not real relatives of human beings, but virtue is the support.' Therefore, "Book of Zhou" says (26): "Emperor and heaven have no relatives (27), but virtue is the auxiliary (28)." He also said: "Millet and millet are not favourable, but Mingde is favourable (29)." And he said: "People don't exchange things, but virtues multiply things (30)." If this is not the case, the people will not be harmonious, and the gods will not enjoy it. If the Jin takes Yu, and Ming De recommends the fragrance (32), will the gods spit it out (33)? Gong Zhiqi followed his family line (34) and said: "Yu Bula is dead (35). In this line, Jin Bu Geng will be promoted (36)."

    冬,十二月丙于朔(37)。晋灭虢。虢公丑奔京师(38)。师还,馆于 虞(39),遂袭虞,灭之。执虞公及其大夫井伯,以膳秦穆姬(40),而修 虞祀(41),且归其职贡于王(42)。
In winter, December Bing Yushuo (37). Jin destroyed Guo. Duke Guo Chou ran to the capital (38). The master returned and stayed in Yu (39), so he attacked Yu and destroyed him. He took charge of Duke Yu and his senior official Jing Bo, served Emperor Mu of Qin as a meal (40), and made sacrifices to Yu (41), and attributed his duties to pay tribute to the king (42).

    【注释】
【Note】

    (1)晋:诸侯国名,姬姓,在今山西西南部。旬息:晋国大夫。屈:晋回 邑名。乘:这里指良马。垂棘:地名,出产美玉。虞:诸候国名,姬姓,在 今山西平陆东北。虢(guo):诸候国名,姬姓,在今山西平陆南。假道:借 路。 (2)公:指晋献公。(3)宫之奇:虞国的贤臣。存:在。(4)冀: 诸候国名,在今山西河津东北。不道:无道。(5)颠柃(ling):地名,在 今山西平陆北。(6)溟(ming):虞国邑名,在今山西平陆东北。三门:三 面城门。(7)病:受损。(8)保:同“堡”,意思是修筑堡垒。逆旅:客 舍。(9)请罪:问罪。(10)里克:晋国大夫。(11)下阳:虢国邑名,在 今山西平陆南。(12)表:屏障。 (13)启:启发。这里的意思是助长。(14)玩:轻视。 (15)甚:过分。 (16)辅:面颊。车:牙床骨。(17)宗: 指祖先。 (18)大伯:周太王的长子。虞仲:周太王的次子。昭:宗庙里左 边的位次。 (19)从:依从。 (20)嗣:继承。(21)穆:宗庙里右边的位 次。(22)卿士:执掌国政的大臣。 (23)盟府:主管盟书的官府。(24)享祀:指祭祀。丰:丰盛。繁:同“洁”。(25)据:依附,这里指保佑。 (26)《周书》:已经失传。(27)皇天:上天。无亲:不分亲疏。(28)辅: 辅佐。 (29)黍稷:泛指五谷。馨:香。明德:光明德行。(30)繁(yin): 是, (31)冯:同“凭”,依附。(32)荐:献。 (33)吐:意思是不享用祭 品。 (34)以:率领。 (35)腊:年终的大祭,即腊祭。(36)更:再。举: 举兵。 (37)朔:每月初一。 (38)虢公丑:虢国国君,名丑。(39)馆:住 宿。 (40)膳(yin):陪嫁的人或物。秦穆姬:晋献公的女儿,秦穆公的夫 人。 (41)修虞祀:不废弃虞国的祭祀。(42)职贡:赋税和劳役。
(1) Jin: The name of the vassal country, with the surname Ji, in the southwest of present-day Shanxi. Xunxi: A doctor of the Jin Dynasty. Qu: Name of Jinhui town. Cheng: This refers to good horses. Chuiji: A place name that produces beautiful jade. Yu: The name of the vassal country, with the surname Ji, in the northeast of Pinglu, Shanxi today. Guo (guo): the name of the vassal country, with the surname Ji, located in the south of Pinglu, Shanxi today. False way: borrow a road. (2) Gong: refers to Duke Xiang of Jin. (3) Gong Zhiqi: a wise minister of the Yu State. exist. (4) Ji: The name of the vassal country, located northeast of Hejin, Shanxi today. No way: no way. (5) Dianzha (ling): place name, in the north of Pinglu, Shanxi today. (6) Ming (ming): The name of the city of Yu State, located in the northeast of Pinglu, Shanxi today. Sanmen: Three city gates. (7) Disease: damaged. (8) Bao: Same as "fort", meaning to build a fortress. Reverse travel: guest house. (9) Ask for guilt: Ask for guilt. (10) Rick: A doctor of the Jin Dynasty. (11) Xiayang: The name of the town of Guo State, located south of Pinglu in present-day Shanxi. (12) Table: Barrier. (13) Kai: Enlightenment. The meaning here is to encourage. (14) Play: contempt. (15) Very: excessive. (16) Auxiliary: cheek. Car: Gum bone. (17) Zong: refers to ancestors. (18) Uncle: The eldest son of King Tai of Zhou. Yu Zhong: The second son of King Tai of Zhou. Zhao: The position on the left in the ancestral temple. (19) Cong: comply. (20) Heir: inheritance. (21) Mu: The position on the right side of the ancestral temple. (22) Minister: The minister in charge of state affairs. (23) Alliance Office: The official office in charge of alliance documents. (24) Xiangsi: refers to sacrifice. Feng: abundant. Traditional: Same as "clean". (25) According to: dependence, here refers to blessing. (26) "Book of Zhou": has been lost. (27) Huangtian: Heaven. No relatives: no distinction between closeness and distance. (28) Assistant: Assistant. (29) Millet: generally refers to grains. Xin: fragrant. Mingde: bright virtue. (30) Traditional (yin): Yes, (31) Feng: Same as "dependence", dependence. (32) Recommended: Offer. (33) To spit: means not to enjoy the sacrifice. (34) To: lead. (35) Wa: The big sacrifice at the end of the year, that is, the Wa Festival. (36) More: Again. Lift: raise troops. (37) Shuo: the first day of every month. (38) Guo Gong Chou: The king of Guo State was named Chou. (39) Hotel: Accommodation. (40) Food (yin): the person or thing dowry. Qin Muji: The daughter of Duke Xian of Jin and the wife of Duke Mu of Qin. (41) Repair the sacrifices of Yu State: Do not abandon the sacrifices of the State of Yu. (42) Tribute: taxes and labor.

    【译文】
【Translation】

    晋国大夫旬息请求用屈地出产的良马和垂棘出产的美玉去向 虞国借路,以便攻打虢国。晋献公说:“这些东西是我的宝物啊” 荀息回答说:“如果能向虞国借到路,这些东西就像放在国外库房 里一样。”晋献公说:“宫之奇还在虞国。”荀息回答说:“宫之奇 为人懦弱,不能够坚决进谏。况且他从小同虞君一起长大,虞君 阻他亲近。即使他进谏,虞君也不会听从”于是,晋献公派荀息 去虞国借路,说:“冀国无道,从颠柃入侵,攻打虞国溟邑的三面 城门。冀国已经被削弱,这也是为了君王的缘故。现在虢国无道, 在客舍里修筑堡垒,以侵袭敝国的南部边邑。我们敢请贵国借路, 以便向虢国问罪。”虞公同意了,并且请求让自己先去讨伐虢国。 宫之奇劝阻虞君,虞君不听,于是起兵伐虢。这年夏天,晋国大 夫里克、荀息领兵会同虞军攻打虢国,灭掉了下阳。
Xun Xi, a senior official of the Jin State, requested that he use the fine horses produced by Qu Di and the beautiful jade produced by Chui Ji to borrow a road from the State of Yu in order to attack the State of Guo. Duke Xiang of Jin said: "These things are my treasures." Even if he comes to remonstrate, the king of Yu will not listen." Therefore, Duke Xiang of Jin sent Xun Xi to find a way to the country of Yu, saying: "The country of Ji has no way, so he invaded from Dianzhao and attacked the three gates of Mingyi. The country of Ji has been weakened. This is also for the sake of the king. Build a fort in the guest house to invade the southern border of our country. We dare to ask your country to borrow a road so that we can accuse Guo." Duke Yu agreed and asked to be allowed to attack Guo first. Gong Zhiqi tried to dissuade Lord Yu, but Lord Yu refused to listen, so he launched an army to attack Guo. In the summer of this year, the Jin Dynasty officials Li Ke and Xun Xi led troops and joined the Yu army to attack the Guo Kingdom and destroyed Xiayang.

    “晋献公再次向虞周借路去攻打虢国,宫之奇进谏说:“虢国是 虞国的屏障。虢国灭亡了,虞国必定会跟着被灭掉。晋国的野心 不可助长,对外敌不可忽视。借路给晋国一次就算是过分了。怎 么可能有第二次?俗话说,‘面颊和牙床骨是相互依存的,失去了 嘴唇牙齿就会受冻。’这话说的正是虞国和虢国的关系啊。”虞 公说:“晋国是我们的同宗,怎么会谋害我们?”宫之奇回答说: “太伯和虞仲都是太王的儿子,太伯不从父命,因此没有继承周朝 的王位。虢仲和虢叔都是王季的儿子,当过文王的执政大臣,对 周王室立下过功勋,记载他们功绩的盟书在盟府里保存着,晋国 虢国都要灭掉,对虞国还能有什么爱惜?再说晋国爱虞国,这种 爱比桓叔和庄伯的后人对晋国更亲近吗?桓叔和庄伯的后人有什 么罪过,而晋献公把他们都杀掉了,不就是因为他感到他们是一 种威胁吗?至亲的人因为恃宠而威胁到献公,而且还要把他们杀 掉,何况一个国家对他的威胁呢?虞公说:“我的祭品丰盛洁净, 神明一定会保枯我。”宫之奇说:“我听说过,鬼神不随便亲近哪 个人,只保佑有德行的人。所以《周书》上说:‘上天对人不分亲 疏,只帮助有德行的人。’还说:‘五谷祭品不算芳香,只有美德 会芳香四溢。’《周书》上又说:‘人们的祭品没有什么不同,只有 有美德的人的祭品神才会享用。’照《周书》这么说,君主没有德 行,民众就不会和睦,神明也不会享用他的祭品。神明所依凭的, 在于人的德行。如果晋国夺取了虞国,用他的美德向神明进献祭 品,难道神明会不享用吗?”虞公没有听从宫之奇的劝告,答应了 晋国使者借路的要求。宫之奇带领他的家族离开了虞国,并说: “虞国不能举行年终的腊祭了。这一次虞国就灭亡了,晋国用不着 再发兵了。”
"Dong Xian of Jin once again asked Yu Zhou to borrow a road to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi came to remonstrate and said: "Guo is the barrier of Yu. If the Guo Kingdom is destroyed, the Yu Kingdom will definitely be destroyed as well. Jin's ambitions cannot be encouraged, and foreign enemies cannot be ignored. It would be too much to lend a road to Jin once. How could there be a second time? As the saying goes, ‘cheeks and gums are interdependent. Without lips and teeth, the teeth will be frozen. ’ This is exactly the relationship between Yu State and Guo State. "Yu Gong said: "The Jin State is our sect, how can it murder us? Gong Zhiqi replied: "Taibo and Yu Zhong are both sons of the king. Taibo did not obey his father's orders, so he did not inherit the throne of the Zhou Dynasty." Both Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were sons of Wang Ji. They served as ministers to King Wen and made great contributions to the Zhou royal family. The alliance books recording their achievements are kept in the alliance mansion. Jin and Guo are both going to be destroyed. How can we cherish Yu? Besides, the state of Jin loves the state of Yu. Is this love closer to the state of Jin than the descendants of Uncle Huan and Uncle Zhuang? What sins did the descendants of Uncle Huan and Uncle Zhuang have? Yet Duke Xian of Jin killed them all, wasn't it because he felt they were a threat? His close relatives threaten Xian Gong and want to kill them because of their favor, not to mention a country's threat to him? Duke Yu said: "My sacrifices are rich and clean, and the gods will definitely protect me." Gong Zhiqi said: "I have heard that ghosts and gods do not get close to anyone at will, but only bless virtuous people. Therefore, the "Book of Zhou" says: "God does not distinguish between closeness and distance, and only helps virtuous people." ’ He also said: ‘Grain sacrifices are not considered fragrant, only virtue will be fragrant. ’ The Book of Zhou also says: ‘People’s sacrifices are no different, only the sacrifices of virtuous people will be enjoyed by the gods. ’ According to the Book of Zhou, if the monarch has no virtue, the people will not be in harmony, and the gods will not enjoy his sacrifices. What the gods rely on lies in human virtue. If the Jin State captured the Yu State and used his virtues to offer sacrifices to the gods, wouldn’t the gods not enjoy it? "The Duke of Yu did not listen to Gong Zhiqi's advice and agreed to the Jin envoy's request to borrow a road. Gong Zhiqi led his family to leave the Yu State and said: "The Yu State can no longer hold the year-end wax festival. This time the State of Yu was destroyed, and the State of Jin no longer needed to send troops. "

    冬季的十二月初一,晋国灭掉了虢国。虢公丑逃到京师.晋军返回途中在虞国驻扎,趁机袭击了虞国,把它灭掉了。晋军抓 住了虞公和大夫井伯,把他们作为晋献公女儿秦穆姬的陪嫁,但 没有废除虞国的祭祀,并把虞国的贡物归于周王室。
On the first day of December in winter, the Jin State destroyed the Guo State. Duke Guo Chou fled to the capital. On their way back, the Jin army stationed in the State of Yu, took the opportunity to attack the State of Yu, and destroyed it. The Jin army captured Duke Yu and the official Jing Bo and took them as dowries for Duke Xian of Jin's daughter Qin Muji, but they did not abolish the sacrifices of the State of Yu and returned the tribute of the State of Yu to the Zhou royal family.

    【读解】
【Interpretation】

    晋献公吞并虢国和虞国的成功,要归功于他的心狠手毒:一 方面以本国宝物作诱饵,诱敌手上钩;一方面六亲不认,不顾同 宗亲情,唯利是图。于是,不惜以阴谋诡计骗取虞国信任,将两 国逐个吞食。
Duke Xian of Jin's success in annexing Guo and Yu was due to his ruthlessness: on the one hand, he used his country's treasures as bait to lure his enemies; on the other hand, he disowned his relatives, ignored family ties and was only interested in profit. Therefore, he did not hesitate to use conspiracy and tricks to deceive the trust of the Yu State and devour the two countries one by one.

    俗话说,“舍不得孩子,打不到狼。”“将欲取之,必先予之” 晋献公实实在在地照这样去做了,并且得到了回报,实际上什么 都没有损失。
As the saying goes, "If you are reluctant to give up your children, you will not be able to kill the wolf." "If you want to take something, you must give it first." Jin Xiangong actually did this and got rewards. In fact, he lost nothing.

    但是,攻城掠地的成功,却以不顾礼义廉耻为代价,得到了 实际利益和好处,而因此失去了人心和道义。对于重视民心和道 义的人来说,这样做是得不偿失;对于寡廉鲜耻的人来说,失去 的无所谓,得到的才是实在的。人们总是站在自己的立场上来决 定取舍的。
However, the success of siege of cities and territories was achieved at the expense of disregarding propriety, justice and integrity, and thus gained practical benefits and benefits, thus losing the hearts and moral integrity of the people. For those who value people's support and morality, this is not worth the loss; for those who are shameless, what they lose does not matter, what they gain is real. People always make decisions based on their own standpoint.

    如此说来,对于寡廉鲜耻、心狠手毒之徒不应当以仁义道德 之心去对待,最好是以强硬的态度,以其人之道,还治其人之身。 虞国的灭亡,就灭在太相信同宗亲情,对不义之徒抱着不切 实际的幻想,以为对方跟自己是一类人,以一种近乎于农夫的心肠, 去对待凶狠的毒蛇。如果说这也是一场悲剧的话,那么则是 由自己推波助澜、助纣为虐而导致的。如果灭亡的结果是自己一 时糊涂、认识不清,被披着羊皮的狼蒙蔽了,尚还可以寄予一点 同情,然而有贤臣坦诚相谏,苦口婆心地开导,在这种情况下仍 然执迷不悟,固执己见,则可以说是咎由自取,不值得一点同情。
In this way, shameless and cruel people should not be treated with benevolence and morality. It is best to treat them with a tough attitude and treat them in their own way. The demise of the Yu State was due to the belief in the kinship of the same clan, having unrealistic illusions about the unjust people, thinking that the other party was the same kind of person as themselves, and treating the vicious snakes with a heart similar to that of a farmer. If this is also a tragedy, then it was caused by myself adding fuel to the flames and aiding the evildoers. If the result of your demise is that you are temporarily confused, do not understand clearly, and are blinded by a wolf in sheep's clothing, you can still show some sympathy. However, if there are wise ministers who candidly admonish each other and enlighten you with sincerity, and you are still stubborn and stubborn in this situation, you can say that you have brought the blame on yourself and do not deserve any sympathy.

    曾经是作威作福的国君,一朝变成随他人之女陪嫁的奴隶,这种天上、地下的巨变,不能不使人感叹。这也应了那句老话:“天 作孽,犹可违;自作孽,不可活。”
The once domineering king suddenly became a slave who married other people's daughters. This huge change in heaven and earth cannot help but make people sigh. This also corresponds to the old saying: "If God does evil, you can still disobey it; if you do evil yourself, you will not live."

    历史是不应当忘记的,读史可以使人明鉴,使人清醒。即使 弱小而无法与强暴抗衡,那么弱小者之间的彼此照应、鼓励。安慰、 同病相怜、支持,也可以让人在风雨之中同舟共济,患难与共, 正所谓唇齿相依,唇亡齿寒。这些从惨痛的历史中总结出来 的教训,完全可以说是千古不易的。就连平民百姓都懂得,听人 劝得一半。欺人太甚的事不可一而再,再而三地容忍,即使无 法奋起抗争,最起码是可以想法避开的。既不听劝,又不抗争,的确算是病人膏盲,不可救药了。

History should not be forgotten. Reading history can teach people a clear lesson and make them sober. Even if they are weak and unable to contend with violence, the weak will care for and encourage each other. Comfort, sympathy and support can also help people stay together in the wind and rain and share weal and woe. As the saying goes, if lips and teeth are dependent on each other, lips will die and teeth will be cold. These lessons learned from the painful history can be said to be timeless. Even ordinary people understand that, and listening to others' advice is half the battle. Don't tolerate bullying that goes too far over and over again. Even if you can't fight it, at least you can try to avoid it. If you neither listen to advice nor resist, you are indeed a patient who is blind and hopeless.

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