【Original text】
初，晋献公欲以骊姬为夫人(1)，卜之(2),不吉；筮之(3)，吉。公 曰：“从筮。”卜人曰：“筮短龟长(4)，不如从长。且其繇曰(5)：“专 之渝(6)，攘公之羭(7)。一薰一莸(8)，十年尚犹有臭。必不可！”弗听， 立之。生奚齐，其娣生卓子。
At the beginning, Duke Xian of Jin wanted to take Li Ji as his wife (1). Divination (2) meant it was unlucky; Divination (3) meant it was auspicious. The Duke said: "Follow the 筮." The diviner said: "The 筮 is short and the tortoise is long (4), it is better to follow the longer one. And Qi Yao said (5): "Zhuan Zhi Yu (6), fight against the Duke's 筭 (7). One fumigation and one cornel (8), it still smells bad after ten years. A must! "Bu listened and established it. Xi Qi was born, and his concubine Zhuozi was born.
及将立奚齐，既与中大夫成谋(9)。姬谓大子曰(10)：“君梦齐姜(11), 必速祭之！”大子祭于曲沃(12)，归胙于公(13)。公田，姬置诸宫六日。 公至，毒而献之(14)。公祭之地，地坟(15);与犬，犬毙；与小臣(16),小 臣亦毙。姬泣曰：“贼由大子(17)。”大子奔新城(18)。公杀其傅杜原款。
And when General Xi Qi was established, he formed a conspiracy with Zhongdafu (9). Ji said to the eldest son (10): "You dream of Qi Jiang (11), I must sacrifice it quickly!" "The eldest son was sacrificed to Quwo (12), and returned to the public (13). In the public field, Ji built the palaces for six days. When the public came, he offered poison (14). The place where the public sacrifice was, the grave (15); with the dog, the dog was killed; with the junior minister (16), the junior minister was also killed. Ji cried and said: "The thief comes from the eldest son (17). "The eldest son rushed to the new city (18). The original sentence of killing Fu Du was public.
或谓大子：“子辞(19)，君必辩焉(20)。”大子日：“君非姬氏，居不 安，食不饱。我辞，姬必有罪。君老矣，吾又不乐。”曰：“子其 行乎？”大子曰：“君实不察其罪，被此名也以出(21)，人准纳我(22)？” 十二月戊申，缢于新城(23)。
Or it is said that the eldest son: "The son's words (19), the king must argue (20). The eldest son said: "You are not Ji's family. You are restless and don't have enough to eat." If I resign, Ji must be guilty. You are old and I am not happy. Said: "How can I do it?" The eldest son said: "You are not aware of your crime, so you are given this name (21). Are you allowed to accept me (22)?" "In December Wushen, he was hanged in Xincheng (23).
姬遂谮二公于曰(24)：“皆知之。”重耳奔蒲(25)，夷吾奔屈(26).
Ji Sui teased the two dukes and said (24): "Everyone knows this. "Chong'er rushes to Pu (25), Yiwu rushes to Qu (26).
（以上僖公四年）
(The above is the fourth year of Duke Xi)
初，晋侯使土为二公子筑蒲与屈(27)，不慎，置薪焉。夷吾诉 之。公使让之。士为稽首而对曰：“臣闻之，无丧而戚(28),忧必仇 焉(29)。无戎而城，仇必保焉(30)。寇仇之保，又何慎焉？守官废命(31)， 不敬；固仇之保，不忠。失敬与忠，何以事君？《诗》云：‘怀德 惟宁，宗子惟城(32)。’君其修德而固宗子，何城如之？三年将寻师 焉(33)，焉用慎？”退而赋日：“狐裘尨茸(34)，一国三公，吾谁适从(35)？”
At the beginning, the Marquis of Jin sent the local people to build Pu and Qu (27) for the two young masters, but he accidentally set aside the salary. Yiwu complained. The minister gave way. The scholar, who was in charge of the investigation, said to him: "When I hear this, I feel sorry for you without mourning (28), but if I am worried, I will be angry with you (29). If there are no troops in the city, enemies will be protected (30). How can we be cautious about protecting enemies from enemies? To guard an official and waste one's life (31) is disrespectful; to defend one's enemy against one's enemies is disloyal. If you lose respect and loyalty, why should you serve the king? "Poetry" says: "Huaide Wei Ning, the eldest son Wei Cheng" (32). ’ If you cultivate virtue and strengthen your ancestral lineage, what city is like this? I will be looking for a teacher in three years (33). How can I be cautious? He retreated and said: "Fox fur and velvet antler (34), one country and three princes, who of us can follow (35)?" "
及难(36)，公使寺人披伐蒲(37)。重耳曰：“君父之命不校(38)。”乃徇 曰(39)：“校者，吾仇也。”逾垣而走。披斩其祛(40)，遂出奔翟(41)。
When it was difficult (36), the minister sent the eunuch to cut down the cattails (37). Chong'er said: "The king's father's orders are not correct (38). "Nai Yu said (39): "The schoolmaster is my enemy. "He crossed the wall and walked away. He cut him off (40) and then ran out to Zhai (41).
（以上僖公五年）
(the above five years of Duke Xi)
六年春，晋侯使贾华伐屈(42)。夷吾不能守，盟而行。将奔狄， 卻芮曰(43)：“后出同走，罪也，不如之梁(44)。粱近秦而幸焉(45)。”乃之粱。
In the spring of the sixth year, the Marquis of Jin sent Jia Hua to attack Qu (42). Yi and I can't keep it, so we keep the alliance. When he was about to rush to Di, Cherui said (43): "It is a crime to go out together after two people, not as good as Zhiliang (44). Fortunately, Liang is close to Qin (45). "It's the beam."
（以上僖公六年）
(the above six years of Duke Xi)
【注释】
【Note】
①骊姬：晋献公的宠妃。②卜：用龟甲占卜。③筮：用蓍草占 卜。④短：指不灵验。长：指灵验。(5) 繇（zhou）：记录占卜结果的 兆辞。(6)专之：指专宠骊姬。渝：变。(7)攘：夺去。羭（yu）：公羊。 这里暗指太子申生。(8)薰：香草。莸（you）：臭草。(9)中大夫：晋 国官名，指里克。成谋：定好计，有预谋。(10)大子：太子，指申生。 (11)齐姜：申生的亡母。(12)曲沃：晋国的旧都，在山西闻喜县东。 (13)胙（zuo）：祭祀时用的酒肉。(14)毒：投毒，放毒药。(15)祭之地： 用酒祭地。坟：土堆。(16)小臣：在宫中服役的小官。(17)贼：谋害。 (18)新城：指曲沃。(19)辞：申辩，辩解。(20)辩：辩白，追究是非。 (21)被：蒙受，带着。此名：指杀父的罪名。(22)人谁：谁人。纳：收容， (23)缢：吊死，(24)谮（zen）：诬陷，中伤。二公子：指重耳和夷吾。 (25)重耳：晋献公的次子，申生的异母弟，后为晋文公。蒲：重耳的采邑，在 今山西限县西北。(26)夷吾：晋献公之子，申生的异母弟，后为晋惠公。屈： 夷吾的采邑，在今山西吉县。(27)士为：晋国大夫。(28)戚：忧 愁，悲伤。(29)仇:怨。 (30)仇：仇敌。保：守，(31)守官：在职的 官员。废命：不接受君命。(32)这两句诗出自“诗•大雅•板》。怀德：心 存德行，不忘修德。宗子：周姓子弟。(33)寻师：用兵。(34)狐裘：大 夫的服饰，尨茸（meng rong）：蓬松杂乱的样子。(35)适：跟从。(36) 及难：等到灾祸发生。(37)寺人：阉人。披：人名。(38)校：违抗。 (39)徇：遍告，布告。(40)祛（qu）：袖口。(41)翟：同“狄”，古时中 国北方的少数民族。(42)贾华：晋国大夫。(43)卻芮（xi rui）：晋国大夫。 (44)之：去，往。梁：诸侯国名，嬴姓，在今陕西韩城县南。 (45)秦：诸侯国名，嬴姓，在今陕西凤翔县。幸：宠信。
① Li Ji: The beloved concubine of Duke Xian of Jin. ② Divination: Use tortoise shells for divination. ③筮: Use yarrow for divination. ④Short: means ineffective. Long: refers to efficaciousness. (5) Yao (zhou): an omen that records the results of divination. (6) Zhuanzhi: refers to specializing in doting on Li Ji. Yu: Change. (7) Fight: take away.筭 (yu): ram. This alludes to Prince Shen Sheng. (8) Xun: Vanilla. Yin (you): smelly grass. (9) Zhongdafu: The official name of the Jin Dynasty refers to Rick. To make a plan: to make a good plan and have a premeditated plan. (10) Dazi: Prince, refers to Shen Sheng. (11) Qi Jiang: Shen Sheng’s deceased mother. (12) Quwo: The old capital of Jin State, located in the east of Wenxi County, Shanxi Province. (13) 胙 (zuo): wine and meat used in sacrifices. (14) Poison: poison, put poison. (15) Place of sacrifice: Use wine to sacrifice the ground. Grave: mound. (16) Xiaochen: a minor official serving in the palace. (17) Thief: murder. (18) Xincheng: refers to Quwo. (19) Ci: Defend, defend. (20) Defend: Defend, investigate right and wrong. (21) Being: suffered, carried. This name: refers to the crime of killing one's father. (22) Who is that person? Na: contain, (23) Hang: hang, (24) Zhen (zen): frame, slander. Second Young Master: refers to Chong'er and Yiwu. (25) Chong'er: The second son of Duke Xian of Jin, half-brother of Shen Sheng, and later Duke Wen of Jin. Pu: Chong'er's fief, located in the northwest of present-day Xianxian County, Shanxi Province. (26) Yiwu: The son of Duke Xiang of Jin, the half-brother of Shen Sheng, and later the Duke of Jin Hui. Qu: Yiwu's fief was located in Ji County, Shanxi today. (27) The scholar is: a senior official of the Jin Dynasty. (28) Qi: Sorrow, sadness. (29) Qiu: Resentment. (30) Enemy: enemy. Bao: keep, (31) Shouguan: an official in office. Waste one’s life: Do not accept your life. (32) These two lines of poems come from "Poetry·Daya·Ban". Huaide: having virtue in one's heart and never forgetting to cultivate virtue. Zongzi: a son surnamed Zhou. (33) Looking for teachers: using soldiers. (34) Fox fur: the clothes of a doctor, meng rong: fluffy and messy appearance. (35) Shi: follow. (36) Ji Di: Wait until disaster occurs. (38) School: Disobedience. (40) Qu (qu): Sleeve. (42) Jia Hua: Doctor of the Jin Dynasty. (44) Zhi: Go, go. Liang: The name of the princes, surnamed Ying, in the south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province. (45) Qin: The name of the princes, surnamed Ying, in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province.
【译文】
【Translation】
当初，晋献公想把骊姬立为夫人，便用龟甲来占卜，结果不 言利；然后用蓍草占卜，结果吉利。晋献公说：“照占筮的结果办。” 卜人说：“占筮不灵验，龟卜很灵，不如照灵验的办。再说卜筮的 兆辞说：‘专宠过分会生变乱，会夺去您的所爱。香草和臭草放在 一起，过了十年还会有臭味。’一定不能这么做。”晋献公不听卜 人的话，把骊姬立为夫人。骊姬生了奚齐，她随嫁的妹妹生了卓子。
At first, Duke Xian of Jin wanted to make Li Ji his wife, so he used tortoise shells to divination, but the results were not favorable; then he used yarrow to divination, and the results were auspicious. Duke Xiang of Jin said, "According to the results of the divination." The diviner said, "The divination is not effective, but the tortoise divination is very effective, so it is better to follow the divination. Besides, the omen of the divination said: 'Too much pampering will cause chaos and take away your love. Put vanilla and stink grass together, and there will still be a stink after ten years.' You must not do this." Duke Xiang of Jin did not listen to the diviner's words, and made Li Ji his wife. Li Ji gave birth to Xi Qi, and her married sister gave birth to Zhuo Zi.
到了快要把奚齐立为太子时，骊姬早已和中大夫有了预谋。骊 姬对太子申生说：“国君梦见了你母亲齐姜，你一定要赶快去祭祀 她。”太子到了曲沃去祭祝，把祭祝的酒肉带回来献给晋献公。晋 献公在外打猎，骊姬把祭祀的酒肉在宫中放了六天。晋献公打猎 回来，骊姬在酒肉中下了毒药献给献公。晋献公洒酒祭地，地上 的土凸起成堆；拿肉给狗吃，狗被毒死；给官中小臣吃，小臣也 死了。骊姬哭着说：“是太子想谋害您。”太子逃到了新城，晋献 公杀了太子的师傅杜原款。
When it was time to make Xi Qi the crown prince, Li Ji had already made a plan with Dr. Zhong. Li Ji said to Prince Shen Sheng: "The king dreamed of your mother Qi Jiang, you must go to sacrifice her as soon as possible." The prince went to Quwo to offer sacrifices, and brought back the wine and meat from the sacrifice to Duke Xiang of Jin. When Duke Xian of Jin was out hunting, Li Ji kept the food and wine in the palace for six days. When Duke Xian of Jin came back from hunting, Li Ji poisoned the wine and meat and offered it to Duke Xian. Duke Xian of Jin sprinkled wine to offer sacrifices to the ground, and the dirt on the ground grew into piles. He gave meat to dogs, and the dogs were poisoned to death. He also gave meat to officials and ministers, and the ministers also died. Li Ji cried and said, "It's the prince who wants to kill you." The prince fled to the new city, and Duke Xian of Jin killed the prince's master Du Yuanqian.
有人对太子说：“您要申辩。国君一定会辩明是非。”太子说： “君王如果没有了骊姬，会睡不安，吃不饱。我一申辩，骊姬必定 会有罪。君王老了，我又不能使他快乐。”那人说：“您想出走吗？” 太子说：“君土还没有明察骊姬的罪过，我带着杀父的罪名出走， 谁会接纳我呢？”十二月二十七日，太子申生在新城上吊自尽。
Someone said to the prince: "You have to plead your case. The king will definitely distinguish right from wrong." The prince said: "If the king does not have Li Ji, he will not be able to sleep well and will not have enough to eat. Once I plead my case, Li Ji will definitely be guilty. The king is old, and I can't make him happy." The man said, "Do you want to run away?" The prince said: "The king has not yet clearly understood Li Ji's crime, so I ran away with the crime of killing my father. Who will accept me?" On December 27, Prince Shen Sheng hanged himself in Xincheng.
骊姬接着又诬陷重耳和夷吾两个公于说：“他们都知道申生的 阴谋。”于是，重耳逃到了蒲城，夷吾逃到了屈城。
Li Ji then framed Chong'er and Yiwu, saying: "They all know Shen Sheng's conspiracy." So Chong'er fled to Pucheng and Yiwu fled to Qucheng.
当初，晋献公派大夫士为为重耳和夷吾修筑蒲城和屈城，不 小心，在城墙里放进了柴草。夷吾把这件事告诉了献公。晋献公反人责备了士芬。士芬叩头回答说：“臣下听说，没有丧事而悲伤， 忧愁必定变为仇怨。没有战事而筑城，仇敌必定来占领。既然仇 敌会来占领，又何必那么谨慎呢？在官位而不接受君命，这是不 敬，加固仇敌的城池，这是不忠。失去了恭敬和忠诚，拿什么来 事奉国君呢？《诗》说：‘心怀德行就是安宁，同宗子弟就是坚城。’ 国君如果能修德行并巩国宗子的地位，有什么城池比得上呢？三 年之后就要用兵，哪里用得着那么谨慎？”士芬退下来后作了首诗 说：“狐皮袍于毛蓬松，一个国家有三公，我该跟从哪一个？”
At the beginning, Duke Xian of Jin sent officials to build Pucheng and Qucheng for Chong'er and Yiwu. He accidentally put firewood into the city walls. Yi Wu told Duke Xian about this. Duke Xian of Jin rebelled and blamed Shifen. Shifen kowtowed and replied: "I have heard that if you are sad without a funeral, sorrow will definitely turn into hatred. If you build a city without a war, the enemy will definitely come and occupy it. Since the enemy will come and occupy it, why should you be so cautious? Not accepting the emperor's order in an official position is disrespectful, and strengthening the enemy's city is disloyal. What can you use if you lose respect and loyalty? What about serving the king? "Poetry" said: "Being virtuous is peace, and having children of the same clan is a strong city." If the king can cultivate virtue and maintain the status of the eldest son of the country, how can he be so cautious? "After Shifen retired, he wrote a poem: "There are three princes in a country, which one should I follow?"
到灾祸发生时，晋献公派寺人披去攻打蒲城。重耳说：“君父 的命令不能违抗。”于是他通告众人说：“违抗君命的人就是我的 仇敌。”重耳翻墙逃走，寺人披砍掉了他的袖口。重耳于是逃亡到 了狄国。
When the disaster occurred, Duke Xian of Jin sent eunuch Phi to attack Pucheng. Chong'er said: "You cannot disobey your father's orders." So he announced to everyone: "Anyone who disobeys your orders is my enemy." Chong'er climbed over the wall and escaped, but the eunuch cut off his cuffs. Chong'er then fled to the State of Di.
鲁僖公六年的春天，晋献公派贾华去攻打屈城。夷吾坚守不 住，与屈人订立盟约后出走。夷吾准备逃往狄国，卻芮说：“你在 重耳之后逃到狄国去，这证明了你有罪，不如去梁国。梁国靠近 秦国，而且得到秦国的信任。”于是夷吾去了粱国。
In the spring of the sixth year of Duke Xi of Lu, Duke Xian of Jin sent Jia Hua to attack Qucheng. Yi Wu couldn't hold on, so he made an alliance with Qu Ren and ran away. Yiwu was about to flee to Di, but Cherui said: "You fled to Di after Chong'er, which proves your guilt. It is better to go to Liang. Liang is close to Qin and has the trust of Qin." So Yiwu went to Liang.
【读 解】
【Reading Interpretation】
太子申生是个悲剧性的人物，是骊姬阴谋诡计的牺牲品，同 时也是他所信奉的观念的牺牲品：既已知道罪魁祸手是谁，却 为父亲的“幸福”而不愿揭露；出逃本可以成为一条出路，却以 自尽来证明自己的清白。
Prince Shen Sheng is a tragic figure, a victim of Li Ji's machinations and the concepts he believes in: he already knows who the culprit is, but he refuses to reveal it for the sake of his father's "happiness"; running away could have been a way out, but he committed suicide to prove his innocence.
这种悲剧性的人物多半只能在古代注重孝慈、仁义的氛围中 才能找到，他们把自己所信奉的道德准则看得比生命还重要，宁 可自己含冤而亡，也不让自己的所作所为有损于应当忠孝的对象。 站在他们的立场之上，绝对不可能想到以牙还牙、以恶报恶，剩 下的就只有以牺牲自己来成全他人。
Most of these tragic characters can only be found in the atmosphere of ancient times that valued filial piety, kindness and benevolence. They regard the moral principles they believe in as more important than life. They would rather die unjustly than let their actions harm the object of loyalty and filial piety. From their standpoint, it is absolutely impossible to think of repaying tooth for tooth or evil for evil. The only thing left is to sacrifice oneself to help others.
这样的行为虽然在今日不足以仿效，但其精神恐怕不应当过时；危难时刻想着他人，甘愿为他人作出牺牲。当然，这其中有 一个价值取向的问题，所付出的牺牲，应当是有价值的，像中生 为之牺牲的对象，在我们看来肯定是不值得的。实际上，他还可 以有更好的选择，完全可以既避过陷害，使搞阴谋者得到应有的 惩罚，又以此来表明对父王的忠诚。
Although this kind of behavior is not enough to be imitated today, its spirit probably should not be outdated; think of others in times of crisis and be willing to make sacrifices for others. Of course, there is an issue of value orientation. The sacrifices made should be valuable. For example, the objects for which Zhongsheng sacrifices are definitely not worth it in our opinion. In fact, he could have a better choice. He could avoid being framed, make the conspirators get the punishment they deserve, and at the same time show his loyalty to his father.
申生的悲剧使我们再次领悟到，心地过分善良纯洁，在一个 充满邪恶的世界之中，往往会成为邪恶的祭品。恶的力量无害，这 尚可以理解；而当我们清醒地意识到了恶在向我们进攻时，是不 应当向它让步和妥协的。有时候，可以正面地、理直气壮地、大 胆地反抗恶，有时候则可以凭智慧设法躲开恶，申生的两个兄弟 ——公子重耳和公子夷吾正是这样做的。
The tragedy of Shen Sheng makes us realize once again that an overly kind and pure heart will often become an evil sacrifice in a world full of evil. It is understandable that the power of evil is harmless; but when we are clearly aware that evil is attacking us, we should not give in or compromise to it. Sometimes, one can resist evil head-on, confidently, and boldly, and sometimes one can try to avoid evil with wisdom. This is exactly what Shen Sheng's two brothers, Prince Chong'er and Prince Yi Wu, did.
他们两人比申生聪明的地方，在于明知自己没有过错，就完 全没有必要代人受过，没有必要去做替罪羊，更没有必要自动成 为阴谋诡计的牺牲品。既然父王的命令不能违抗，逃跑总是可以 的。再说，他们俩固执己见，也未执迷不悟，听从了别人善意 的劝告，在灾祸临头时注意保护自己。
The two of them are smarter than Shen Sheng. They know that they are not at fault, so there is no need to take the blame for others, no need to be a scapegoat, and no need to automatically become a victim of conspiracy. Since father's orders cannot be disobeyed, escape is always possible. Besides, they were stubborn and did not give in. They listened to the well-intentioned advice of others and took care to protect themselves when disaster struck.
公子重耳日后成为“春秋五霸”之一的晋文公，自然同他善 于随机应变，不固守陈腐之见有很大关系。这使我们想到一条最 实际的生存法则：适者生存。
The fact that Prince Chong'er later became one of the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" and Duke Wen of Jin was naturally closely related to his ability to adapt to changes and not stick to stereotypes. This reminds us of one of the most practical survival laws: survival of the fittest.
为理想、真理、道义献身，固然可敬、高尚，值得赞颂。在 没有理想、真理、道义可以献身之时，保存自己，认清身处的环 境，从中得到自己应当得到的东西，的确是一种切实可行的选择。 在人们为了现实利益而互相倾轧、勾心斗角的春秋时代，很难说 有什么值得为之奋斗的崇高目标，在混乱纷争之中如何保护自己， 是人们首要关心的问题。“霸王”们之所以能够成功，大概正是认 清了时势，并能积极主动地适应时势，从而成为强者。
Dedicating yourself to ideals, truth, and morality is certainly respectable, noble, and worthy of praise. When there is no ideal, truth, or morality to devote oneself to, it is indeed a practical choice to preserve oneself, recognize the environment one is in, and get what one deserves from it. In the Spring and Autumn Period, when people fought against each other and intrigued each other for practical interests, it was difficult to say that there was any lofty goal worth striving for. How to protect oneself in the chaos and disputes was the primary concern of people. The reason why the "overlords" are successful is probably because they clearly understand the current situation and can proactively adapt to the current situation, thereby becoming strong.
强者不仅仅是善于适应环境，善于保存自己，同时也善于竞争，善于把握进取和退守的时机，该进则进，该退则退，不放过 任何一次可能获得成功的机会。这个法则，不仅在春秋诸霸的纷 争中得到了证明，恐怕也应当说是由社会本身的发展所决定了的， 逆水行舟，不进则退。社会中的人都是如此。
A strong person is not only good at adapting to the environment and preserving himself, but he is also good at competing and seizing the opportunity to advance and retreat. He advances when he should and retreats when he should, and never misses any chance of success. This law was not only proven in the disputes between the hegemons in the Spring and Autumn Period, but it should also be said that it was determined by the development of society itself. If you sail against the current, you will retreat if you don't advance. This is true for everyone in society.
