正文 卷十六  吕相绝秦(成公十三年)——有关说客的是与非

类别:史部 作者:左丘明 书名:春秋左传

    【原文】
【Original text】

    夏四月戊午,晋侯使吕相绝秦(1),曰: “昔逮我献公及穆公相好,戮力同心(2),申之以盟誓(3),重之以 昏姻(4)。天祸晋国⑤,文公如 ,惠公如秦。无禄(6),献公即世(7)。穆 公不忘旧德,俾我惠公用能奉祀于晋(8)。又不能成大勋,而为韩之 师(9)。亦悔于厥心(10),用集我文公(11)。是穆之成也。
On Wuwu, the fourth month of the summer, the Marquis of Jin sent Lu Xiangjue to Qin (1), saying: "In the past, I caught Duke Xian and Duke Mu as good friends, and worked together as one (2). They pledged an oath of alliance (3), and paid more attention to marriage (4). It is a disaster for the Jin Kingdom 5. Wen Gong is like , and Hui Gong is like Qin. Without Lu (6), Xian Gong will be alive (7). Mu The public does not forget his old virtues, so he can be enshrined in the Jin Dynasty (8). However, he cannot become a great scholar, but he also regrets it because of Jue Xin (10).

    “文公躬擐甲胄(12),跋履山川(13),逾越险阻,征东之诸侯,虞、 夏、商、周之见而朝诸秦(14),则亦既报旧德矣(15)。郑人怒君之疆埸(16), 我文公帅诸候及秦围郑。秦大夫不询于我寡君,擅及郑盟(17)。诸候 疾之(18),将致命于秦(19)。文公恐惧,绥静诸侯(20),秦师克还无害,则 是我有大造于西也(21)。
"Gong Wen bowed his armor (12), walked across the mountains and rivers (13), overcame dangers and conquered the princes in the east, and Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou saw him and went to the Qin Dynasty (14). This was also a reward for his old virtues (15). The people of Zheng are angry at the king's territory (16). I, Duke Wen, command the princes and Qin to besiege Zheng. The doctor of Qin does not ask about my little prince, but he is good at Zheng Meng (17). If the princes are ill (18), they will be fatal to Qin (19). If Duke Wen is afraid and the feudal lords are calmed down (20), but the Qin army can defeat them without harm, then we have made great achievements in the west (21).

    “无禄,文公即世;穆为不吊(22),蔑死我君,寡我襄公(25),迭我 淆地(26),奸绝我好(27),代我保城(26)。殄灭我费滑(27),散离我兄弟(28),挠 乱我同盟(29),倾复我国家。我襄公未忘君之旧勋,而惧社稷之陨, 是以有淆之师。犹愿放罪于穆公(30),穆公弗听,而即楚谋我(31)。天 诱其衷(32),成王陨命,穆公是以不克逞志于我。
"Without salary, Duke Wen is here; Mu is not mourning (22), he despises my king to death, and I am widowed as Duke Xiang (25), he invades my territory (26), he rapes me (27), and protects the city for me (26). He kills me Fei Hua (27), separates my brothers (28), scratches Disrupt our alliance (29) and overthrow our country. I, the Duke of Xiang, have not forgotten the old merits of the king, but are afraid of the demise of the country, so I am willing to let Duke Mu off (30).

    “穆、襄即世(33),康、灵即位(34)。康公,我之自出(35),又欲阙翦 我公室(36),倾覆我社稷,帅我螫贼(37),以来荡摇我边疆,我是以有 令狐之役。康犹不俊(38),入我河曲(39),伐我涑川(40),俘我王官(41),翦 我羁马(42),我以是有河曲之战。东道之不通(43),则是康公绝我好也。
"Mu and Xiang came to the world (33), and Kang and Ling came to the throne (34). Mr. Kang, I have come out of my own country (35), and I want to build my official house (36), overthrow my country, conquer my country and sting the thieves (37), and shake my frontier, so I have the battle of Linghu. Kang You is not handsome (38), enters the meander of the river (39), cuts down my Suchuan (40), captures my royal officer (41), and restrains my horse (42), so we have the battle of the meander of the river. If the east road is blocked (43), then it is good for Duke Kang to rule me out.

    “及君之嗣也(44),我君景公引 西望曰(45):‘庶抚我乎(46)!’君亦 不惠称盟(47),利吾有狄难(48),入我河县(49),焚我箕、郜(50),芟夷我农 功(51),虔刘我边垂(52),我以是有辅氏之聚(53)。君亦悔祸之延,而欲徼 福于先君献、穆,使伯车来命我景公曰(54):‘吾与女同好弃恶,复 修旧德,以追念前勋。’言誓未就,景公即世,我寡君是以有令狐 之会(55)。君又不祥(56),背弃盟誓。白狄及君同州(57),君之仇谁,而我 昏姻也(58)。君来赐命曰:‘吾与女代狄。’寡君不敢顾昏姻。畏君之 威,而受命于吏(59)。君有二心于狄,曰:‘晋将伐女。’狄应且憎, 是用告我(60)。楚人恶君之二三其德也(61),亦来告我曰:‘秦背令狐之 盟,而来求盟于我:“昭告与昊天上帝、秦三公、楚三王曰(62):‘余虽 与晋出入(63),余唯利是视(64)。’”不谷恶其无成德,则用宣之,以惩 不壹(65)。’诸侯备闻此言,斯是用痛心疾首,昵就寡人(66)。寡人帅以 听命(67),唯好是求。君若惠顾诸侯,矜哀寡人,而赐之盟,则寡人 之愿也,其承宁诸侯以退(68),岂敢徼乱?君若不施大惠,寡人不佞(69),其不能以诸候退矣。敢尽布之执事, 俾执事实图利之(70)。”
"As your heir (44), I, Lord Jinggong, looked to the west and said (45): "I am a concubine, care for me (46)!" You are also unfavorable to make an alliance (47), and I have Di Nan (48) to benefit me, enter my He County (49), burn my Ji and Gao (50), and barbarize my farmers. Merit (51), Qianliu, I Bianchu (52), so I have the support of the family (53). You also regret that the misfortune has been delayed, and you want to pay tribute to your ancestors. 之会(55)。君又不祥(56),背弃盟誓。白狄及君同州(57),君之仇谁,而我 昏姻也(58)。君来赐命曰:‘吾与女代狄。’寡君不敢顾昏姻。畏君之 威,而受命于吏(59)。君有二心于狄,曰:‘晋将伐女。’狄应且憎, This is for suing me (60). The two or three evil kings of the Chu people also came to sue me and said: "Qin betrayed Linghu's alliance and came to seek alliance with me: "I told the God of Haotian, the three Dukes of Qin and the three kings of Chu (62): 'Although I go in and out with Jin (63), I only regard it as beneficial (64). ’” If you don’t like the grain and hate it, and you have no virtue, then use it to declare it and punish it (65). The princes are ready to hear this, so they are sad and sad, and they are friendly to me (66). The man is so handsome that he obeys his orders (67), and it is best to ask for it. If the king favors the princes, shows pity to the man, and gives him an alliance, then the man will be If the princes are willing to retreat (68), how can they dare to cause chaos? If the king does not show great favor and I am not a sycophant (69), I will not dare to retreat with the help of the princes, so that I can benefit from it (70).

    【注释】
【Note】

    ①晋侯;晋厉公。吕相,晋国大夫,魏骑现依的儿子魏相,因食色在吕,又 称吕相。绝;绝交。②毅力:合力,并力。③申:申明。(4)重: 加重,加深。昏姻:婚姻。秦、晋国有联姻关系。⑤天祸:天降灾祸, 指骊姬之乱。(6)无禄:没有福禄。这里指不幸。(7)即世;去世。 (8)俾:使。用:因为。奉祀;主持祭祀。这里指立为国君。(9)韩之师: 韩地的战争,指秦晋韩原之战。(10)厥:其,指秦穆公。(11)用:因而。 集:成全。(12)躬:亲身。擐:穿上。(13)跋履:跋涉。(14) 胤 (yin):后代。东方诸侯国的国君大多是虞、夏、商、周的后代。(15)旧德: 过去的恩惠。(16)怒:指侵犯。疆场:边疆。(17)询:指商量。擅及郑 盟:擅自与郑人订盟。(18)疾:憎恶,憎恨。(19)致命于秦;与秦国拼 命。(20)绥静:安定,安抚。(21)大造:大功。西:指秦国。(22)不 吊:不善。(23)寡:这里的意思是轻视。(24)迭:同“轶”,越过,指侵 犯。(25)奸绝:断绝。我好:同我友好。(26)保:同“堡”,城堡。 (27)殄(tian)灭;灭绝。费(bi):滑国的都城,在今河南偃师附近。费滑即 滑国。(28)散离:拆散。兄弟:指兄弟国家。(29)挠乱;扰乱。同盟:同 盟国家,指郑国和滑国。(30)犹愿:还是希望。(31)即楚:亲近楚国。谋 我:谋算我晋国。(32)诱:开启。衷:内心。(33)穆、襄:秦穆公和晋 襄公。(34)康、灵:秦康公和晋灵公。(35)我之自出:秦康公是穆姬所 生,是晋文公的外甥,所以说“自出”。(36)阙翦:损害,削弱。(37)蟊 (mao)贼:本指吃庄稼的害虫,这里指晋国公于雍。(38)悛(quan):悔改。 (39)河曲:晋国地名,在今山西永济东南。(40)涑(Su)川:水名,在 今山西西南部。(41)俘:劫掠。王官:晋国地名,在今山西闻喜西。 (42)羁马:晋国地名,在今山西永济南。(43)东道;晋国在秦国东边,所以 称“东道”。不通:指两国断绝关系。(44)君;指秦桓公。(45)引:伸长。  :脖子。(46)蔗:大概,或许。抚:抚恤。(47)称盟:举行盟会。 (48)狄难:指晋国同狄人打仗(49)河县:晋国临河的县邑。(50)箕:晋 国地名,在今山西蒲县东北。郜(gdo):晋国地名,在今山西祁县西。 (51)芟( shan):割除。夷:伤害。农功:庄稼。(52)虔刘:杀害,屠杀。边垂:边陲,边境。(53)辅氏:晋国地名,在今陕西大荔东。聚:聚众抗敌。 (54)伯车:秦桓公之子。(55)寡君:指晋历公。(56)不详:不善。 (57)白狄:狄族的一支。及:与。同州:同在古雍州。(58)婚姻;指晋文 公在狄娶季隗。(59)吏:指秦国传令的使臣。(60)是用:因此。(61) 二三其德;三心二薏,反复无常。(62)昭:明。昊:广大。秦三公:秦国 穆公、康公 、共公。楚三王:楚国成王、穆王、庄王。(63)出入:往来。 (64)唯利是视:一心图利,唯利是图。(65)不壹:不专一。(66)昵就:亲近。 (67)帅以听命:率 诸侯来听侯君王的命令。(68)承宁:安定。 (69)不佞:不敏,不才。(70)图:考虑。利之:对秦国有利。
①Marquis of Jin; Duke Li of Jin. Lu Xiang, a senior official of the Jin State, was the son of Wei Qixianyi. Because he lived in Lu, he was also called Lu Xiang. Absolutely; break up with each other. ②Perseverance: combined efforts and combined efforts. ③Shen: Declaration. (4) Heavy: aggravate, deepen. Dark marriage: marriage. Qin and Jin have a marriage relationship. ⑤Heavenly disaster: Disaster from heaven, referring to the Liji Rebellion. (6) Wulu: There is no fortune. This refers to misfortune. (7) Immediately; death. (8) Bi: make. Use: because. To offer sacrifices; to host sacrifices. This refers to being appointed as the king. (9) The division of Han: The war in Han refers to the battle between Qin, Jin and Han Yuan. (10) Jue: Qi, refers to Duke Mu of Qin. (11) Use: therefore. Set: complete. (12) Bow: in person. Huan: Put it on. (13) Trekking: Trekking. (14) Yin: Descendants. Most of the kings of the eastern vassal states were descendants of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. (15) Old virtue: past favor. (16) Anger: refers to violation. Battlefield: Frontier. (17) Inquiry: refers to discussion. Unauthorized alliance with Zheng: Entering into an alliance with Zheng people without authorization. (18) Disease: hatred, hatred. (19) Fatal to Qin; fight to the death with Qin. (20) Suijing: stability, comfort. (21) Great achievements: great achievements. West: refers to the state of Qin. (22) Not hanging: bad. (23) Widow: The meaning here is contempt. (24) Die: Same as "Yi", crossing over means infringement. (25) Treachery: cut off. I'm good: Be friendly with me. (26) Bao: Same as "castle", castle. (27) annihilation (tian); extinction. Fei (bi): The capital of the Hua Kingdom was located near today's Yanshi, Henan. Fei Hua is Hua Guo. (28) Disperse: break up. Brothers: refers to brotherly countries. (29) Scratch; disturb. Alliance: Allied countries, including Zheng and Hua. (30) Still wish: Still hope. (31) That is Chu: close to Chu. Conspiracy against me: Conspiracy against me, Jin State. (32) Lure: turn on. Heart: heart. (33) Mu and Xiang: Duke Mu of Qin and Duke Xiang of Jin. (34) Kang and Ling: Duke Kang of Qin and Duke Ling of Jin. (35) I come out of myself: Duke Kang of Qin was born to Mu Ji and was the nephew of Duke Wen of Jin, so he said "I came out of myself". (36) Que Jian: damage, weaken. (37) 芊 (mao) thief: This refers to the pests that eat crops, here it refers to the Duke of Jin Yu Yong. (38) 悛(quan): repent. (39) Hequ: The place name of Jin State, southeast of Yongji, Shanxi today. (40) Shu (Su) Chuan: the name of the water, in today’s southwest Shanxi. (41) Capture: plunder. Wang Guan: The place name of the Jin Kingdom, heard in Xixi in present-day Shanxi. (42) Ji Ma: The place name of Jin State, in today’s Yongjinan, Shanxi. (43) East Road; Jin State is east of Qin State, so it is called "East Road". Barrier: Refers to the severing of relations between the two countries. (44) Jun; refers to Duke Huan of Qin. (45) Lead: elongation. :neck. (46) Sugarcane: Probably, maybe. Fu: Compensation. (47) Alliance: Hold an alliance meeting. (48) Di Nan: refers to the war between the Jin State and the Di people. (49) He County: a county near the river in the Jin State. (50) Ji: The place name of Jin State, in the northeast of Pu County, Shanxi Province. Gao (gdo): The place name of the Jin State, located in the west of Qi County, Shanxi today. (51) Shan (shan): cut off. Yi: damage. Agricultural work: crops. (52) Qian Liu: killing, massacre. Bianchui: border, border. (53) Fushi: The place name of Jin State, in the east of Dali, Shaanxi today. Gather: Gather a crowd to fight against the enemy. (54) Boche: The son of Duke Huan of Qin. (55) The widowed monarch: refers to Duke Li of Jin Dynasty. (56) Unknown: bad. (57) Bai Di: A branch of the Di tribe. And: with. Tongzhou: Together in ancient Yongzhou. (58) Marriage; refers to Duke Wen of Jin marrying Ji Wei in Di. (59) Official: Refers to the envoy of Qin State. (60) is used: therefore. (61) Two or three virtues; three hearts and two labors, capriciousness. (62) Zhao: Ming. Hao: Guangda. The Three Dukes of Qin: Duke Mu, Duke Kang, and Duke Gong of Qin. The Three Kings of Chu: King Cheng, King Mu, and King Zhuang of Chu. (63) In and out: coming and going. (64) Seeking profit only: Focusing on profit, only pursuing profit. (65) Buyi: Not specific. (66) Nijiu: closeness. (67) Shuai Yi obeys orders: Lead the princes to listen to the king's orders. (68) Chengning: stability. (69) Buxie: Not sensitive, not talented. (70) Figure: Consider. Benefit: It is beneficial to Qin.

    【译文】
【Translation】

    夏天四月初五,晋历公派吕相去秦国断交,说:“从前我们 先君献公与穆公相友好, 心合力,用盟誓来明确两国关系,用 用婚姻来加深两国关系。上天降祸晋国,文公逃亡 国,惠公逃亡 秦国。不幸献公去逝,穆公不忘从前的交情,使我们惠公因此 能回晋国主持祭祀。但是秦国又没有完成大的功劳,却同我们发生 了韩原之战。事后穆公心里感到了后悔,因而成全了我们文公 回国为君。这都是穆公的功劳。
On the fifth day of April in the summer, Duke Li of Jin sent Prime Minister Lu to go to Qin to break off diplomatic relations, saying: "In the past, our ancestors, Duke Xian and Duke Mu, were friendly and worked together to clarify the relationship between the two countries with oaths of alliance and deepen the relationship with marriage. God brought disaster to the Jin State, Duke Wen fled to the country, and Duke Hui fled to the Qin State. Unfortunately, Duke Xian passed away, but Duke Mu did not forget the friendship in the past, so our Duke Hui therefore. He was able to return to the state of Jin to conduct sacrifices. However, the state of Qin did not accomplish the great feats, but fought with us in the battle of Han Yuan. Afterwards, Duke Mu felt regretful, so he allowed Duke Wen to return to the country as king. This was all thanks to Duke Mu.

    “文公亲自戴盔披甲,跋山涉水,经历艰难险阻,征讨东方诸 候国,虞、夏、商、周的后代都来朝见秦国君王,这就已经报答了 秦国过去的恩德了。郑国人侵扰君王的边疆,我们文公率 诸 侯和秦国一起去包围郑国。秦国大夫不和我们国君商量,擅自同 郑国订立盟约。诸侯都痛恨这种做法,要同秦国拼命。文公 担心秦国受损,说服了诸侯,秦国军队才得以回国而没有受到损害, 这就是我们对秦国有大恩大德之处。
"Wen Gong personally wore helmets and armor, traveled through mountains and rivers, experienced hardships and dangers, and conquered the eastern kingdoms. The descendants of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou all came to see the king of Qin. This has repaid Qin's past kindness. The people of Zheng invaded the king's border, and we, Duke Wen, led the princes and Qin to surround Zheng. The officials of Qin did not consult with our king, but agreed without authorization. Zheng Guo made an alliance. The princes hated this approach and wanted to fight with Qin. Duke Wen was worried about Qin's damage, so he persuaded the princes, and Qin's army was able to return without being harmed. This is our great kindness to Qin.

    “不幸文公去逝,穆公不坏好意蔑视我们故去的国君, 轻视我们攘公,侵扰我们的淆地,断绝同我国的友好,攻打我们的 城堡,灭绝我们的滑国,离间我们兄弟国家的关系,扰乱我们的盟邦, 颠覆我们的国家。我们攘公没有忘记秦君以往的功劳,却又害怕国家灭亡,所以才淆地的战斗。我们是希望穆公 宽免我们的罪过,穆公卜同意,反而亲近楚国来算计我们。老 天又眼,楚成王丧了命,穆公因此没有使侵犯我国的图谋得逞。
"Unfortunately, Duke Wen has passed away. Duke Mu had good intentions and despised our deceased monarch. He despised us and fought against the Duke. He invaded our territory, cut off friendship with our country, attacked our castles, exterminated our Hua Kingdom, alienated our brotherly countries, disturbed our allies, and subverted our country. We, Duke Zhu, have not forgotten the past merits of Lord Qin, but we are afraid of the destruction of the country, so we fight in the same place. We hoped that Duke Mu would forgive our sins, but Duke Mu agreed, but instead he got close to Chu to plot against us. God was unfaithful and King Chu Cheng died, so Duke Mu did not succeed in his plan to invade our country.

    穆公和攘公去逝,康公和灵公即位。康公是我们先君献公的 外甥,却又想损害我们公室,颠覆我们国家,率 公子雍回国争位, 让他扰乱我们的边疆,于是我们才有令狐之站。康公还不肯 悔改,入侵我们的河曲,攻打我们的涑川,劫掠我们的王宫,夺 走我们的羁马,因此我们才有了河曲之站。望东方的不通,正视 因为康公断绝了同我们的友好关系。
Duke Mu and Duke Zhu passed away, and Duke Kang and Duke Lin came to the throne. Duke Kang was the nephew of our late emperor Xian Gong, but he wanted to harm our office and subvert our country. He led Prince Yong back to fight for the throne and let him disturb our borders, so we have Linghu Station. Kang Gong still refused to repent, and invaded our Meander, attacked our Suchuan, plundered our palace, and took away our horses, so we have the station of He meander. Look eastward and face the incomprehension because Kanggong has severed friendly relations with us.

    “等到君王即位之后,我们景公伸长脖子望著西边说:‘恐怕 要关照我们吧!’但君王还是不肯开恩同我国结为盟好,却乘我们 遇上狄人祸乱之机,入侵我们临河的县邑,焚烧我们的萁、郜两地 ,抢割毁坏我们的庄稼,屠杀我们的边民,因此我们才有辅氏 之站。君王也后悔两国战争蔓延,因而想向先君献公和穆公求福, 派遣伯车来命令我们景公说:‘我们和你们相互友好,抛弃怨恨, 恢复过去的友谊,以追悼从前先君的功绩。’盟誓还没有完成,景公 就去逝了,因此我们国君才有了令狐的盟会。君王有产生了不善之心, 背弃了盟誓。白狄和秦国同处雍州,是君王的仇敌,却 是我们的姻亲。君王赐给我们命令说:‘我们和你们一起攻打狄 人。’我们国君不敢顾念姻亲之好,畏惧君王的威严,接受了君王 使臣攻打狄人的命令。但君王又对狄人表示友好,对狄人说:‘晋国 将要攻打你们。’狄人表面上答应了你们的要求,心里却憎恨你们的做法, 因此告诉了我们。楚国人同样憎恨君王反复无常,也 来告诉我们说;‘秦国背叛了令狐的盟约,而来向我们要求结盟。 他们向著皇天上帝、秦国的三位先公和楚国的三位先王宣誓说 :‘我们虽然和晋国有来往,当我们只关注利益。’我讨厌他们反复无常, 把这些事公开,以便惩戒那些用心不专一的人。’诸侯们全都听到了 这些话,因此感到痛心疾首,都来和我亲近。现在我率 诸侯前来听命,完全是为了请求盟好。如果君王肯开恩顾念诸侯们, 哀怜寡人,赐我们缔结盟誓,这就是寡人的心愿,寡人将 安抚诸侯而退走,哪里敢自求祸乱呢?如果君王不施行大恩大德, 寡人不才,恐怕就不能率 诸侯退走了,我谨向全部意思都向 君王德左右执行宣布了,望他们权衡怎样才对秦国有利。”
"After the king came to the throne, our Jinggong stretched his neck and looked to the west and said, 'I'm afraid he will take care of us!' But the king still refused to be merciful and form an alliance with our country. Instead, he took advantage of the troubles we encountered by the Di people and invaded our counties near the river. He burned our Qi and Gao areas, plundered and destroyed our crops, and massacred our border residents. That's why we have the Fu clan. The king also regretted the spread of the war between the two countries, so he wanted to pray for the blessings of his ancestors Xian Gong and Mu Gong, and sent Bo Che to command our Duke Jin: "We and you should be friendly to each other, put aside the resentment, and restore the past friendship to commemorate the achievements of our ancestors." Before the oath was completed, Duke Jing passed away, so our monarch had bad intentions. We broke the oath. Bai Di and the Qin State were in Yongzhou, and they were our enemies. The king gave us the order: "We will attack the Di people together with you." Our king did not dare to care about the good relationship with the king, and accepted the order of the king's envoys to attack the Di people. They will attack you. ' The people of Di outwardly agreed to your request, but in their hearts they hated your actions, so they told us. The people of Chu also hated the king's capriciousness and came to tell us: 'Qin betrayed Linghu's covenant and came to ask for an alliance. They swore to the Emperor of Heaven, the three ancestors of Qin, and the three ancestors of Chu: 'Although we have dealings with Jin, we only care about interests. ’ I hate their capriciousness in making these things public in order to punish those who have half-hearted intentions. ’ When all the princes heard these words, they felt sad and came to get close to me. Now I lead the princes to come to obey your orders, purely to ask for a good alliance. If the king is willing to take care of the princes, take pity on me, and grant us an oath of alliance, which is my wish, I will appease the princes and retreat. How can I dare to ask for trouble? If the king does not show great kindness and virtue, and there are few people and no talents, I am afraid that I will not be able to lead the princes to retreat. I would like to declare all my intentions to the king's right and left, and hope that they will weigh how to benefit Qin. "

    【读解】
【Interpretation】

    照吕相的说法,秦国及其国君秦桓公真的是十恶不赦了,芑止 断交,就是亡国灭种都罪有应得,死有余辜。
According to Lu Xiang's statement, the Qin State and its monarch, Qin Huan Gong, were really heinous and unforgivable. They deserved to die by breaking off diplomatic relations, even if the country was destroyed and the species was destroyed.

    这就是言辞的力量。
This is the power of words.

    我们不得不佩服我们春秋时代的祖先。他们没有象索绪尔、乔 姆期基等人那样发明出一套深奥的语言学理论,没有象福柯那样 专心研究话语同权利的关系,也没有象咱们六朝时期的佛典翻译 家和文学家那样专门研究过语言问题;但他们是天才的运用言语 的人,是天才的演说家和雄辩家。他们凭天赋悟出了言辞懂得力量 说话的艺术和利用言辞的技巧。同时,他们也是天才的心理学家, 凭直觉把人心、人性摸了个透。因此,他们悟出锋利,有含蓄深沉; 指向明确,又无所不包;温文尔雅,却又处处逼人,把言辞的力量 发挥到了及至,无法再淋漓尽致了。
We have to admire our ancestors from the Spring and Autumn Period. They did not invent a profound linguistic theory like Saussure, Chomsky and others, did not concentrate on studying the relationship between discourse and power like Foucault, and did not specialize in language issues like our Buddhist translators and litterateurs in the Six Dynasties period; but they were gifted users of language, gifted orators and orators. By their genius, they have realized the power of words, the art of speaking and the skill of using words. At the same time, they are also genius psychologists who intuitively understand the human heart and human nature. Therefore, they realize that they are sharp and subtle; they are clear-cut and all-encompassing; they are gentle and elegant, yet compelling at every turn. They have exerted the power of words to the extreme and cannot be more vivid.

    他们达到的效果,是在不经意之中自然而然把白的说成黑的, 方的说成圆的,错的说成对的,反的说成对的,大的说成小的, 小的说成大的,让听者确信不疑,确信说者对了,自己错了, 确信真理和道义在说者手中,而不在自己一方。
The effect they achieve is to naturally and inadvertently describe white things as black, square things as round, wrong things as right, reverse things as right, big things as small, small things as big, so that the listeners are convinced that the speaker is right and they are wrong, and that truth and morality are in the hands of the speaker, not on their own side.

    他们的目的不外乎是为了达到某一实№目的,在此前提下,最妙 的是不经意和自然而然,让人在不知不觉中落入圈套,等明白 过来以后才大呼上当,他们充分利用了语言的张力,利用了语言 的模糊性,以及语言的开放性和遮蔽功能,再加上逻辑上 偷梁换柱的手法,制造语言的和思维的种种陷阱,让对手无法摆脱 语言的罗网。
Their purpose is nothing more than to achieve a certain practical goal. Under this premise, the best thing is to be inadvertent and natural, allowing people to fall into the trap unknowingly, and only after they understand it, they will be deceived. They make full use of the tension of language, the fuzziness of language, and the openness and shielding function of language. In addition, they use logical subversion techniques to create various traps in language and thinking, so that opponents cannot escape the trap of language.

    要成为一个优秀的说客并非易事。起码的条件是口齿伶俐,巧 舌若簧,天资聪颖,脑子灵活,悟性很高,工于心计。还要受过 良好的教育,有厂泛的阅历,天文地理、世事人情无所不晓,博 古通今。然后要有心得理素质上的优势,知己知彼,胸有成竹,随 机应变,在任何情况下都面不改色心不跳,善于控制喜怒哀乐,让 它们在适当的时机恰到好处地表现出来,并且善于抓住对手的弱 点发起猛攻,夺取心理上的制高点。此外,还要借助权势,以某 君主、某实力派人物、某名人为靠山,以此增加话语的含金量和 穿透力,尤其是话语的权威性,居高临下地、游刃有余地进行表 演。
Becoming a good lobbyist is not easy. The minimum requirements are to be articulate, eloquent, talented, flexible in mind, very perceptive, and scheming. You must also have a good education, have extensive experience, know everything about astronomy, geography, world affairs and people, and be knowledgeable about the past and the present. Then you must have the advantage of psychological and rational qualities, know yourself and the enemy, be confident, adapt to changes, keep your face calm under any circumstances, be good at controlling your emotions, anger, sorrow, and joy so that they can be expressed at the right time, and be good at seizing the opponent's weaknesses to launch a fierce attack and seize the psychological commanding heights. In addition, we must use power and use a certain monarch, a certain powerful figure, or a certain celebrity as a backer to increase the gold content and penetrating power of the words, especially the authority of the words, and perform in a condescending and comfortable manner.

    所以,冰冻三尺,非一日之寒;养兵千日,用兵一时。古人 早把这一套捉摸透了。聪明的君主深懂决战不止在战场,平时用 酒肉钱物蓄养各色人才,像孟尝君那样养上一群鸡 狗盗之徒,到 关键时刻就派上了用场。如今的一些大款们,也可以学学古人的 这种远见卓识,有余钱时,收养一些特殊人才,到时候就会受益 无穷。不要目光短浅,不要吝惜钱财,不要只盯住眼前一点一滴 的得失。胸有鸿鸿鹄之志者,大可以从古人那里学到不少法宝从 而使自己鹤立鸡群,出类拔萃。
Therefore, freezing three feet is not a day's cold; raising an army for a thousand days is only a short period of time. The ancients had already figured this out. Smart monarchs understand that decisive battles are not limited to the battlefield. They usually use wine, meat, money and materials to cultivate talents of all kinds. Like Meng Changjun, he raised a group of chickens, dogs and thieves, which came in handy at critical moments. Today's wealthy people can also learn from the foresight of the ancients. When they have extra money, they can adopt some special talents and they will benefit endlessly. Don't be short-sighted, don't be stingy with money, and don't just focus on the gains and losses in front of you. Those who have great ambitions can learn many magic weapons from the ancients to make themselves stand out from the crowd.

    不过,现在似乎是一个不大适合培养说客,或者叫优秀演说 家、辩才的时代。人们都很忙,或者忙于发财,忙于出名,忙于 做官,忙于出国,或者忙于生计,几乎很少有闲暇来培养这种特 殊的艺术才能。再说,现在的人更讲实№,更讲直来直去赤裸裸 地交往,都讨厌能说会道的花言巧语,把这种专利拱手送给了街 头骗子和“厚黑学”家们,让他们在现代化的繁忙之中转空子大 发横财,而上当受骗的人或者不会厚黑,或者不在乎,或者怕麻 烦,几乎不会同街头骗子和厚黑专家计较。
However, now seems to be an era that is not suitable for cultivating lobbyists, or excellent speakers and eloquence. People are very busy, either busy with making a fortune, busy with being famous, busy with being an official, busy with going abroad, or busy with making a living, and they have little leisure time to cultivate this special artistic talent. Besides, people nowadays are more practical and straightforward in their interactions. They all hate the smooth talk and have handed over this patent to street swindlers and "black experts", allowing them to take advantage of the busyness of modernization and make a fortune. The people who are deceived either don't know how to be black, or don't care, or are afraid of trouble, and will hardly care about street liars and black experts.

    比较一下可以发现,春秋战国时代的说客们水平固然很高,但 他们并非完全没有良心,也并非完全不讲道义。首无,他们绝对 忠于自己的主子。既然主子出血养了他们,主子就成了“有奶便 是娘” 亲娘,即使肝脑涂地,也不会背叛主子。其次,,他们有 大公无私的奉献精神。他们把自己的才华、天赋、技艺、精力,有 时甚至是生命,都用在维护他们所属的国家利益之上。 绝对不会用来谋取一己的私利。这就体现了很高的觉悟和教养,坑蒙 拐骗使用来对付敌人的,而不是用来对付自己人的。对自己人要讲 仁、义、礼、智信;对敌人则在彬彬有礼、温文尔雅的氛围 中展现自己的才华和天赋。
A comparison shows that although the level of lobbyists in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods was very high, they were not completely without conscience, nor were they completely unethical. Shuwu, they are absolutely loyal to their masters. Since the master bled and raised them, the master has become a "mother with milk and defecation". She will not betray the master even if she is devastated. Secondly, they have a spirit of selfless dedication. They use their talents, talents, skills, energy, and sometimes their lives to safeguard the interests of the country to which they belong. It will never be used for personal gain. This reflects a high degree of consciousness and education, and is used to deceive and deceive the enemy, not to use it to deal with one's own people. Be benevolent, righteous, polite, wise and trustworthy to your own people; show your talents and gifts in a polite and gentle atmosphere to your enemies.

    两相对比,说客与骗子、厚黑家的本质区别,便以一目了然了。

Comparing the two, the essential difference between lobbyists, liars, and the Houhei family becomes clear at a glance.

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