【Original text】
祁师旷侍于晋侯①。晋侯曰：“卫人出其君②，不亦甚乎？”对曰： “或者其君实甚。良君将赏善而刑淫，养民如子，盖之如天，容之 如地；民奉其君，爱之如父母，仰之如日月，敬之如神明，畏之 如雷霆，其可出乎？夫君，神之主而民之望也。若困民之主，匮 神之祀③，百姓绝望，社稷无主，将安用之？弗去何为？天生民而 立之君，使司牧之④，勿使失性。有君而为之贰⑤，使师保之(6)，勿 使过度。是故天子有公(7)，诸侯有卿(8)，卿置侧室(9)，大夫有贰宗(10)， 士有朋友(11)，庶人、工、商、皂、隶、牧、圉皆有亲眼昵(12)，以相辅 佐也。善则赏之(13)，过则匡之，患则救之，失则革之(14)。自王以下 各有父子兄弟以补察其政。史为书(15)，瞽为诗(16)，工诵箴谏(17)，大夫 规诲(18)。士传言(19),庶人谤(20)，商旅于市(21)，百工献艺(22)。故《夏 书》曰(23)：‘遒人以木铎徇于路(24)，官师相规(25)，工执艺事以谏。’正 月孟春(26)，于是乎有之(27)，谏失常也(28)。大之爱民甚矣，岂其使一人 肆于民上(29)，以从其淫而 天地之性(30)？必不休矣。”
Qi Shikuang served as the Marquis of Jin①. The Marquis of Jin asked: "Isn't it true that the people who defend themselves should be worthy of their ruler?" He replied: "Perhaps his ruler is more true. A good ruler will reward good deeds and punish adultery, raise the people like children, cover them like the sky, and accommodate them like the earth. The people respect their ruler, love him like their parents, look up to him like the sun and moon, respect him like a god, fear him like thunder. How can he be better? A husband is the lord of gods and the hope of the people. If he is the lord of the poor people, he will be poor. God's Sacrifice ③, the people are desperate, the country has no owner, why should it be used? The king who was born to be the people should not let him lose his nature. Scholars have friends (11), and common people, workers, merchants, Zao, Li, Mu, and Yu all have close friends (12) to help each other. If they are good, they will be rewarded (13), if they make mistakes, they will be rescued, and if they are in trouble, they will be punished (14). Each has his own father, son, and brothers to review his affairs. The history is written (15), the poems are written (16), the workers recite admonitions (17), the officials give instructions (19), the common people slander (20), the merchants travel in the city (21), and the craftsmen perform their crafts (22). "Book" said (23): "The people use the wooden altar to stand on the road (24), the officials and teachers follow each other (25), and the workers perform their crafts to give advice." In the first month of Meng Chun (26), it happened (27), and the advice was abnormal (28). He loves the people very much, how can he let one person act on the people (29) to follow his sexual behavior? The nature of heaven and earth (30) will never end.”
【注释】
【Note】
①师旷：晋国乐师。晋候；指晋悼公。②出：驱逐。③匮：缺 乏、(4)司牧：统治，治理。(5)贰：辅佐大臣．(6)师保：本指教 育和辅导天子的师傅，这里的意思是教导保护。(7)公；仅次于天子的经 高爵位．(8)卿：诸侯的执政人臣、(9)侧室：庶子．这里指测室之官。 (10) 大夫：比卿低一等的爵位。贰宗：官名。由大夫的宗室之弟担任。 (11)士：大夫以下、庶民以上的人。朋友指志同道合的人。(12)皂、隶； 都是奴隶中的一个等级。牧：养牛人。圉：养马的人。(13)赏：赞杨。 (14)革：改。(15)史：太史。为书；记录国君的言行。(16)瞽： 古时用盲人作乐师。为诗；作诗讽谏(17)工：乐工。诵：唱或诵 读。箴谏；用来规劝讽谏的文辞。(18)规诲：规劝开导。(19)传言：传话。 (20)谤：公开议论。(21)商旅：商人。于市；指在市场上议论。 (22)百工：各种工匠，手艺人。(23)《夏书》：已失传。以下两句话见于 《古文尚书•胤征》。(24)尊人；行令官，连宣令官。木铎：木舌的 铃。徇： 巡行宣令。(25)官师：官员。(26)孟春：初春。(27)有之：指有遵人 宣令。(28)失常：丢掉常规。(29)肆：放肆，放纵(30)从：同 ”纵”，放纵。
①Shi Kuang: Musician of Jin Dynasty. Marquis of Jin; refers to Duke Mourning of Jin. ②Exit: expel. ③Gui: lack, (4) Si Mu: rule, governance. (5) 2: Assistant Minister. (6) Shibao: This refers to the master who educates and mentors the emperor. The meaning here is to teach and protect. (7) Gong; second only to the emperor, with a high title. (8) Qing: the ruling minister of the princes, (9) side chamber: concubine. This refers to the official of the testing room. (10) Doctor: a title lower than that of the minister. Erzong: official name. It is held by the doctor's clan brother. (11) Scholars: People below the level of officials and above the level of common people. Friends are like-minded people. (12) Zao and slave; both are a class among slaves. Shepherd: Cattle raiser. Yuan: A person who raises horses. (13) Reward: Praise Yang. (14) Reform: Reform. (15) History: Taishi. As a book; to record the words and deeds of the king. (16) Blind: In ancient times, blind people were used as musicians. For poetry; to compose poetry and satire (17) Gong: Musician. Chan: Sing or read. Admonishment; words used to exhort and sarcastically admonish. (18) Guidance: exhortation and enlightenment. (19) Rumor: spread the word. (20) Slander: public discussion. (21)Business traveler: businessman. In the market; refers to discussing in the market. (22) Baigong: various craftsmen and craftsmen. (23) "Xia Shu": Lost. The following two sentences are found in "Guwen Shangshu·Yin Zheng". (24) Respect people; line the ordering officer, and even announce the ordering officer. Muduo: a bell with a wooden tongue.臇: To patrol and announce orders. (25) Official: Official. (26) Meng Chun: early spring. (27) Youzhi: Refers to someone who obeys orders. (28) Abnormality: Lose the routine. (29) Si: unbridled, indulgent (30) Cong: Same as "vertical", indulgent.
【译文】
【Translation】
师旷岁侍在晋悼公苦怕人身边。晋悼公说；“卫国人驱逐了他们的国 君，这不是太过分了吗？”师旷回答说：“也许是他们的国君确实太过分了。 贤明的国君要奖赏好人而惩罚，抚育百姓像抚育儿女一样；容纳他们像大地一样； 民众侍奉他们的国君，热爱他像热爱父母一样，敬仰他如对日月一样； 崇敬他如对神明一样，畏惧他如对雷霆一样，难道能把他驱逐出去吗？国君是神明的 主祭人，是民众的希望。如果使民众的生计困乏，神明失去祭祀者，老百姓绝望，国家 失去主人，哪里还用得著他？不驱逐他干什么？上天生下百姓并为他们立了国君， 让国君治理他们，不让他们丧失天性。有了国君又替他设置了辅佐的人，让他们教导保护他， 不让他越过法度。所以天子有公，诸侯有卿，卿设置侧室，大夫有贰宗，士有朋友，平民、工匠、 商人、奴仆、养牛人和养马人都有亲近的人，以便互相帮助。善良的就赞扬，有过错则纠正、有患难就救援，有过失就改正。从天子以 下，人们各自有父兄子弟来观察和补救他们行事的得失。太史记 录国君的言行，乐师写作讽谏的歌诗，乐工吟诵规谏的文辞，大 夫规劝开导。士向大夫传话，平民公开议政，商人在市场上议论． 各种工匠呈献技艺。所以《夏书》说：‘宣令官摇著木舌 铃沿路 亘告，官员们进行规劝，工匠呈献技艺当作劝谏。”正月初春，这 时就有了宣令官沿路宣令，这是同为劝谏失去了常观。上天十分 爱护百姓，难道会让一个人在百姓头上任意妄为、放纵淫乱而背 弃天地的本性吗？一定不是这样的。”’
Shi Kuang was at the side of Duke Ao of Jin. Duke Ao of Jin said, "Isn't it too much for the people of Wei to expel their monarch?" Shi Kuang replied, "Maybe their monarch has indeed gone too far. A wise monarch should reward good people and punish them, raise the people like raising children, accommodate them like the earth; the people serve their monarch, love him like their parents, respect him like the sun and moon; If we revere him as a god and fear him as a thunderbolt, how can we expel him? The king is the sacrificer of the gods and the hope of the people. If the people are deprived of their livelihood, the gods are deprived of their sacrifices, the people are in despair, and the country is deprived of their masters, why not expel him? God gave birth to the people and established a king for them. Let the king govern them and prevent them from losing their nature. Once the king has established assistants for him, let them teach and protect him and prevent him from going beyond the law. Therefore, the emperor has his father, the princes have ministers, the ministers have ministers, the officials have friends, the common people, craftsmen, etc. Businessmen, slaves, cattle breeders, and horse breeders all have people close to them so that they can help each other. Those who are kind will be praised, those who are at fault will be rescued, and those who are in trouble will be corrected. The husband advised and enlightened the officials, the common people discussed the affairs in public, and various craftsmen presented their skills in the market. Therefore, the "Xia Shu" said: "The magistrates rang the wooden tongue bells along the road to advise, and the craftsmen presented their skills as admonishments." God loves the people very much, so will it allow a person to act arbitrarily over the people, indulge in sexual immorality, and abandon the nature of heaven and earth? This must not be the case. ”’
【读解】
【Interpretation】
师旷的这番议论，是针对卫国百姓驱逐了暴虐无道的卫献公 而发的。卫国百姓驱逐卫献公，可以说是“水可以覆舟”的一个 事例，如果站在统治者的立场，就可以说是真正的“犯上作乱”了。 是不是也可以说，这是乱世之中的一线光明呢？
Shi Kuang's comments were in response to the people of Wei State expelling the tyrannical and unjust Duke Xian of Wei. The people of Wei State expelled Duke Xiang of Wei, which can be said to be an example of "water can capsize a boat". If one stands from the standpoint of the ruler, it can be said to be a real "rebellion". Can we also say that this is a ray of light in troubled times?
儒家思想从来都认为国君、君子比百姓高贵，人生而有高低 贵贱之分、这实№上为少数人在多数人头上作成威作福提共了依据． 师旷所提出的“民贵君轻”，似乎把传统的观念颠倒过来了，强调 以民为本。要为民众著想。
Confucianism has always believed that kings and gentlemen are nobler than the people, and that people are born with high and low status. This actually provides a basis for the dominance of a few people over the majority. Shi Kuang's "people are more important than the emperor" seems to have turned the traditional concept upside down and emphasized people-oriented. Think about the people.
国君从来都被塑造成教师爷的形象，仿佛他就是真理和神明 的代表，化身；只有他给百姓上课的份儿，百姓则是愚不可及的 一群人。卫国同君被逐。说明百姓同样可以给国君上课，教他如 何行使权力。法度不应当只对百姓才有效，同样也应当对国君及 其臣僚有效。只讲国君的高贵，只讲他们才有上课的权力，实№ 上就是把他们划出了法度之外，让他们有超越法度的特权，这就 失去了社会公正的基本前提。
The king has always been portrayed as a teacher, as if he is the representative and incarnation of truth and God; he is the only one who teaches the people, and the people are a group of stupid people. Tongjun of Wei State was expelled. Explain that the common people can also give lessons to the monarch and teach him how to exercise power. Laws and regulations should not only be valid for the people, but also should be valid for the king and his officials. Only talking about the nobility of the monarch and only talking about their right to attend classes actually puts them outside the law and gives them privileges beyond the law. This loses the basic premise of social justice.
能像师旷那样，在君权神圣、各国君主忙于扩大自己的实力 的时代，敢于当著国君的面主张民贵君轻，的确属于难能可贵。我 们不可能要求他在那个时代提出民主思想，毕竟中国古代的社会、 法律、政治、宗法制度，都不可能成为民主思想的土壤，而只能 产生出专制。个人无法超越时代，正如一个人不可能提著自己的 头发离开地球一样。因此，民贵君轻的思想在春秋，乃至整个传 统的封建社会之中，已算是达到了当时思想的顶峰。在那种特定的氛围中，敢于为民众说话，既 要有思想的高 度，也 要有勇气和无所畏惧的精神。可以想象，或许当时具有 民本思想的人并不少，而能够载入史册者，并不太多。他们或者 缺少勇气和无所畏惧的精神，或者是缺乏发言的权力和机会，或 者是以其他的方式表现出来。
Being able to be like Shi Kuang, in an era when monarchy was sacred and monarchs of various countries were busy expanding their own strength, dared to advocate that the people were valued and the monarch was valued in front of the monarch, was indeed commendable. It is impossible for us to ask him to put forward democratic ideas at that time. After all, the social, legal, political, and patriarchal systems of ancient China could not become the soil for democratic ideas, but could only produce autocracy. An individual cannot transcend the times, just as a person cannot leave the earth holding his own hair. Therefore, in the Spring and Autumn Period, and even in the entire traditional feudal society, the idea that the people were valued and the monarch was valued had reached the pinnacle of thought at that time. In that specific atmosphere, daring to speak for the people requires not only a high level of thought, but also courage and a fearless spirit. It is conceivable that perhaps there were not many people with people-centered ideas at that time, but not many of them can be recorded in the annals of history. They either lack courage and fearless spirit, or lack the power and opportunity to speak, or they show it in other ways.
由此，我们完全可以想见，在文字记载的历史背后，有太多 被遗漏了的东西。这好比在无边的大海中打鱼，被渔网打起来的 不过如同沧海一粟，更大量的就都成了漏网之鱼。
From this, we can fully imagine that behind the written history, there are too many things that have been omitted. This is like fishing in the boundless sea. What is caught in the fishing net is just a drop in the ocean, and a large number of others become fish that slip through the net.
意见的权力和机会。一个人的思想、 观念要进入历史，要被更多的人所听见，必须借助权力和机会。就 师旷而言，身为宫廷乐师，受过良好的教育，有机会接近君王、大 史及其他官僚，也就拥有了其他有类似的思想而没有权力的人所 不具有的发言的机会。历史本来就是如此。它不可能让人人都进 入其中，有些人完全可能凭偶然闯了进来。
Power and opportunity for opinion. For a person's thoughts and ideas to enter history and be heard by more people, they must use power and opportunities. As far as Shi Kuang was concerned, as a court musician, he was well-educated and had the opportunity to be close to kings, great historians and other bureaucrats. He also had opportunities to speak that other people with similar ideas but no power did not have. That's how history is. It is impossible for everyone to enter, and some people may break in by accident.
