【Original text】
吴公子札来聘①。……请观于周乐②。使工为之歌《周南》、 《召南》③,曰:“美哉!始基之矣(4),犹未也,然则勤而不怨矣(5)。”邶 为之歌《邶》、《庸》、《卫》(6),曰:“美哉,渊乎!忧而不困者也。 吾闻卫康叔、武公之德如是(7),是其《卫风》乎?”为之歌《王》(8) 曰:“美哉!思而不惧,其周之东乎!”为之歌《郑》(9),曰:“美哉! 其细已甚(10),民弗堪也。是其先亡乎?”为之歌《 》,曰:“美哉, 泱泱乎(11)!大风也哉!表东海者,其大公乎(12)?国未可量也。”为之 歌《豳》(13),曰:“美哉,荡乎(14)!乐而不淫,其周公之东乎(15)?”为 之歌《秦》,曰:“此之谓夏声(16)。夫能夏则大,大之至也,其周之 旧乎!”为之歌《魏》(17),曰:“美哉,风风乎“!大而婉,险而易行(19); 以德辅此,则明主也!”为之歌《唐》(20),曰:“思深哉!其有陶唐 氏之遗民乎(21)?不然,何忧之远也?非令德之后(22),谁能若是?”为 . 之歌《陈》(23),曰:“国无主,其能久乎!”自《郐》以下“,无讥焉(26)!
Mr. Wu came to hire him①. ...please watch Yu Zhou Le②. He made Gongwei sing "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" ③, and said: "How beautiful! It's the beginning of the foundation (4), but it's still not done, but he is diligent and not resentful (5)." Bei Wei sang "Bei", "Yong", and "Wei" (6), and said: "How beautiful! It's so deep! It's the one who is worried but not sleepy." 吾闻卫康叔、武公之德如是(7),是其《卫风》乎?”为之歌《王》(8) 曰:“美哉!思而不惧,其周之东乎!”为之歌《郑》(9),曰:“美哉! 其细已甚(10),民弗堪也。是其先亡乎?”为之歌《 》,曰:“美哉, It's so windy! How about the Duke of Zhou? The song "Bin" (13) says: "It's so beautiful but not lascivious. How about the Duke of Zhou?" He wrote the song "Qin" and said: "This is called the sound of Xia (16). If you can do it in the summer, it will be great. When it is great, it will be as old as the Zhou Dynasty!" He wrote the song "Wei" (17) and said: "It's so beautiful, so windy!" Big yet graceful, dangerous yet easy to do (19); supplementing this with virtue will make the master clear! "The song "Tang" (20) for him said: "What a profound thought! Are there any remnants of the Tao Tang family (21)? Otherwise, why worry about it? After Fei Lingde (22), who can be like this? "For .'s song "Chen" (23), he said: "The country has no master, how long can it last! "Since "鐐" and below", there is no need to ridicule (26)!
为之歌《小雅》(26),曰。“美哉!思而不贰,怨而不言,其周德 I 之衰乎?犹有先王之遗民焉(27)!”为之歌《大雅》,曰(28):“广哉!熙 熙乎(29)!曲而有直体,其文王之德乎?”为之歌《颂》,曰:“至矣 哉!直而不倨,曲而不屈;迩而不逼,远而不携(32);迁而不淫,复 而不厌;哀而不愁,乐而不荒(33);用而不匾,广而不宣;施而不费, 取而不贪;处而不底(34),行而不流。五声和(35),八风平(36);节有度(37), 守有序(38)。盛德之所同也!”
He sang "Xiaoya" (26) for it, saying. "Beautiful! Thoughts without hesitation, complaints without words, how can Zhou's virtues decline? Are there still remnants of the former kings (27)!" He sang "Daya" for him and said (28): "How great! Xixixihu (29)! The music is straight but has straight body, is this the virtue of King Wen?" He sang "Ode" for it and said: "It's the end. Hey! Straight but not arrogant, crooked but not yielding; close but not forced, far but not carried (32); moving but not lascivious, returning but not tired; sad but not sad, happy but not desolate (33); using without plaque, being broad but not announcing; giving without wasting, taking without being greedy; being at the bottom but not at the bottom (34), moving without flowing. The five tones are harmonious (35), the eight winds are flat (36); there is moderation (37), Keeping order (38) is the same thing as virtue!"
见舞《象箫》、《南龠》者(39),曰:“美哉,犹有憾!”《见舞《大 武》者(40),曰:“美哉,周之盛也,其若此乎?”见舞《陬 》者(41), 曰:“圣人之弘也,而犹有惭德(42),圣人之难也!”见舞《大夏》者(42), 曰:“美哉!勤而不德(44)。非禹,其谁能修之(45)!”见舞《陬箫》者“, 曰:“德至矣哉!大矣,如天之无不帱也(47),如地之无不载也!虽 甚盛德,其蔑以加于此矣。观止矣!若有他乐,吾不敢请已!”
Seeing the dance of "Xiangxiao" and "Nanhu" (39), he said: "It's beautiful, but there are still some regrets!" "Seeing the dance of "Dawu" (40), he said: "It's beautiful, Zhou Dynasty was prosperous, how can it be like this?" Seeing the dance of "Zou" (41), Said: "The greatness of the saints, but there is still shameful virtue (42), the difficulty of the saints!" Seeing the dancer of "Da Xia" (42), he said: "Beautiful! Diligent but not virtuous (44). Who but Yu can cultivate it (45)!" Seeing the dancer of "Zuoxiao", he said: "How virtuous! It’s so big, it’s like everything in the sky is rocky (47), and it’s like everything in the earth is contained! Although he is very virtuous, his contempt is added to this. Watch and stop! If there is any other pleasure, I dare not invite you! "
【注释】
【Note】
①吴公子札:即季札,吴王寿梦的小儿子。②周乐:周王室的音乐 舞蹈。③工:乐工。《周南》、《召南》:《诗经》十五国风开头的两种。以 下提到的都是国风中各国的诗歌。④始基之:开始奠定了基础。⑤ 勤:劳,勤劳。怨:怨恨。(6)邶(bei):周代诸侯国,在今河南汤阴南。 庸:周代诸侯国,在今河南新乡市南。卫:周代诸侯国,在今河南淇县。 (7)康叔:周公的弟弟,卫国开国君主。武公:康叔的九世孙。(8) 《王》:即《王风》,周平王东迁洛邑后的乐歌。(9)郑:周代诸侯国,在今 河南新郑一带。(10)细:琐碎。这里用音乐象征政令。(11)泱泱:宏大 的样子。(12)表东海:为东海诸侯国作表率。大公:太公,指 国开国国 君吕尚,即姜太公。(13)豳(bin):西周公刘时的旧都,在今陕西彬县东 北。(14)荡:博大的样子。(15)周公之东:指周公东征。(16)夏:西 周王跷一带。秦:在今陕西、甘肃一带。夏声:正声,雅声。(17)魏:诸 侯国名,在今山西芮县北。(18)风风(feng):轻飘浮动的样子。(19)险: 不平,这里指乐曲的变化。(20)唐:在今山西太原。晋国开国国君叔虞初 封于唐。(21)陶唐氏:指帝尧。晋国是陶唐氏旧地。(22)令德之后:美 德者的后代,指陶唐氏的后代。(23)陈:国都宛丘,在今河南淮阳。 (24)郐(kuai):在今河南郑州南,被郑国消灭。(25)讥:批评。(26)《小 雅》:指《诗•小雅》中的诗歌。(27)先王:指周代文、武、成、康等王。 (28)《大雅》:指《诗•大雅》中的诗歌。(29)熙熙:和美融洽的样子。 (30)《颂》:指《诗经》中的《周颂》、《鲁颂》和《商颂》。(31)倨: 傲慢。国嗝:同“逼”,侵逼。携:游离。③荒:过度。囫处: 安守。底:停顿,停滞。(35)五声:指宫、商、角、微、羽。和:和谐。 (36)八风:指金、石、丝、竹、翰、土、革、本做成的八类乐器。(37)节: 节拍。度:尺度。(38)守有序:乐器演奏有一定次序。(39)《象箫 (xiao)》:舞名,武舞。《南龠)(yuee):舞名,文舞。(40)《大武》:周武 王的乐舞。(41)《陬 》:商汤的乐舞。(42)惭德:遗憾,缺憾。 (43)《大夏》:夏禹的乐舞。(44)不德:不自夸有功。(45)修:作。 (46)《陬箫》:虞舜的乐舞。(47)帱(dao):覆盖。(48)蔑:无,没有。
① Wu Gongzi Zha: Ji Zha, the youngest son of King Shoumeng of Wu. ② Zhou Le: Music and dance of the Zhou royal family. ③Gong: Musician. "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan": the two styles at the beginning of the fifteen national styles in "The Book of Songs". The following mentioned are poems from various countries in the national style. ④ Shi Ji Zhi: The foundation was laid at the beginning. ⑤ Diligence: hard work, hard work. Resentment: Resentment. (6) Bei (bei): a vassal state in the Zhou Dynasty, located south of Tangyin in present-day Henan. Yong: A vassal state in the Zhou Dynasty, located in the south of Xinxiang City, Henan Province. Wei: A vassal state in the Zhou Dynasty, located in Qixian County, Henan Province today. (7) Uncle Kang: The younger brother of Duke Zhou and the founding monarch of the Wei Kingdom. Duke Wu: Uncle Kang’s ninth generation grandson. (8) "Wang": That is, "Wang Feng", a song written after King Ping of Zhou moved eastward to Luoyi. (9) Zheng: A vassal state in the Zhou Dynasty, located in the Xinzheng area of Henan Province today. (10) Fine: trivial. Music is used here to symbolize government orders. (11) Yangyang: grand appearance. (12) Represent the East China Sea: Set an example for the vassal states in the East China Sea. Grand Duke: Tai Gong refers to Lu Shang, the founding king of the country, who is Jiang Taigong. (13) Bin (bin): The old capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, located in the northeast of Bin County, Shaanxi Province. (14) Dang: Broad look. (15) Duke of Zhou’s East: Refers to Duke Zhou’s Eastern Expedition. (16) Xia: The area around Wangqi of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Qin: In today's Shaanxi and Gansu areas. Xia Sheng: formal voice, elegant voice. (17) Wei: The name of the vassal state, located in the north of Ruixian County, Shanxi Province. (18) Feng (feng): floating lightly. (19) Danger: uneven, here refers to the changes in the music. (20) Tang: In present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi. The founding king of Jin State, Shu Yuchu, was granted the title of Tang Dynasty. (21) Tao Tangshi: refers to Emperor Yao. The Kingdom of Jin was the old land of the Tao and Tang clan. (22) After Ling De: The descendants of virtuous people refer to the descendants of Tao Tang. (23) Chen: Wanqiu, the capital of the country, is in Huaiyang, Henan today. (24)鐐(kuai): In the south of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, it was destroyed by the Zheng State. (25) ridicule: criticism. (26) "Xiaoya": refers to the poems in "Poetry·Xiaoya". (27) Former kings: refers to the kings Wen, Wu, Cheng, Kang and others of the Zhou Dynasty. (28) "Daya": refers to the poems in "Poem·Daya". (29) Xixi: A harmonious look. (30) "Song": refers to "Song of Zhou", "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang" in "The Book of Songs". (31) Arrogant: Arrogant. Guo burp: same as "force", invade and force. To carry: to be free. ③Desolation: Excessive. Chu Chu: Safe and guarded. Bottom: pause, stagnation. (35) Five tones: refers to Gong, Shang, Jiao, Wei, and Yu. And: harmony. (36) Eight types of musical instruments: refers to the eight types of musical instruments made of gold, stone, silk, bamboo, Han, soil, leather and original materials. Section (37): Beat. Degree: scale. (38) Keep order: There is a certain order in playing musical instruments. (39) "Xiang Xiao (xiao)": dance name, martial dance. "南龠" (yuee): dance name, literary dance. (40) "Da Wu": the music and dance of King Wu of Zhou. (41) "Zou": the music and dance of Shang Tang. (42) Shade: Regret, shortcoming. (43) "Da Xia": Xia Yu's music and dance. (44) Immorality: Do not boast about your merits. (45) Repair: Make. (46) "Zou Xiao": the music and dance of Yu and Shun. (47)帱(dao): Cover. (48) Contempt: None, no.
【译文】
【Translation】
吴国公子季札前来鲁国访问……请求观赏周朝的音乐和舞 蹈。鲁国人让乐工为他歌唱《周南》和《召南》。季礼说:“美好 啊!教化开始奠基了,但还没有完成,然而百姓辛劳而不怨恨了。” 乐工为他歌唱们《邶风》、《庸风》和《卫风》。季礼说:“美好啊,多 深厚啊!虽然有忧思,却不至于困窘。我听说卫国的康叔、武公 的德行就像这个样子,这大概是《卫风》吧!”乐工为他歌唱《王 风》。季札说:“美好啊!有忧思却没有恐惧,这大概是周室东迁 之后的乐歌吧!”乐工为他歌唱《郑风》。季札说:“美好啊!但它 烦琐得太过分了,百姓忍受不了。这大概会最先亡国吧。”乐工为 他歌唱《 风》。季礼说:“美好啊,宏大而深远,这是大国的乐 歌啊!可以成为东海诸国表率的,大概就是太公的国家吧?国运 真是不可限量啊!”乐工为他歌唱《南风》。季札说:“美好啊,博 大坦荡!欢乐却不放纵,大概是周公东征时的乐歌吧!”乐工为他 歌唱《秦风》。季礼说:“这乐歌就叫做正声。能作正声自然宏大, 宏大到了极点,大概是周室故地的乐歌吧!”乐工为他歌唱《魏 风》。季礼说:“美好啊,轻飘浮动!粗扩而又婉转,变化曲折却 又易于流转,加上德行的辅助,就可以成为贤明的君主了”乐工 为他歌唱《唐风》。季礼说:“思虑深远啊!大概有陶唐氏的通民 在吧!如果不是这样,忧思为什么会这样深远呢?如果不是有美 德者的后代,谁能像这样呢?”,乐工为他歌唱《陈风》。季札说: “国家没有主人,难道能够长久吗?”再歌唱《郐风》以下的乐歌, 季礼就不作评论了。
Jizha, the prince of the state of Wu, came to visit the state of Lu... and asked to see the music and dance of the Zhou Dynasty. The people of Lu asked musicians to sing "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" for him. Ji Li said: "How wonderful! The foundation for enlightenment has been laid, but it has not yet been completed. However, the people have worked hard without resentment. "The musicians sang "Bei Feng", "Yong Feng" and "Wei Feng" for him. Ji Li said: "How beautiful, how profound! Although I am worried, I am not embarrassed. I heard that the virtues of Uncle Kang and Duke Wu of Wei were like this. This is probably "Wei Feng"! "The musicians sang "Wang Feng" for him. Jizha said: "How wonderful! There is worry but no fear. This is probably the song after Zhou's family moved eastward! "The musicians sang "Zheng Feng" for him. Jizha said: "How beautiful! But it was too cumbersome and the people couldn't stand it. This will probably be the first to perish. "The musicians sang "Wind" for him. Ji Li said: "It's beautiful, grand and far-reaching. This is the song of a great country! The country that can set an example for the countries in the East China Sea is probably Taigong's country, right? The national destiny is truly unlimited! "The musicians sang "South Wind" for him. Jizha said: "It's beautiful, broad and magnanimous! Joyful but not indulgent, probably the song of Duke Zhou during his eastern expedition! "The musicians sang "Qin Feng" for him. Ji Li said: "This music is called Zhengsheng. It is naturally grand if it can be used as the right voice. It is grand to the extreme. It is probably the song of Zhou Shi's hometown! "The musicians sang "Wei Feng" for him. Ji Li said: "It's beautiful, floating lightly! Rough yet gentle, twisty yet easy to flow, with the help of virtue, you can become a wise monarch." Musicians sang "Tang Feng" for him. Ji Li said: "What a profound thought! There are probably people from the Tao Tang family here! If not, why is worry so profound? Who can be like this if they are not the descendants of virtuous people? "The musicians sang "Chen Feng" for him. Jizha said: "How can a country last long without a master? "Singing the songs below "Haifeng", Ji Li will not comment.
乐工为季札歌唱《小雅》。季礼说:“美好啊!有忧思而没有 二心,有怨恨而不言说,这大概是周朝德政衰微时的乐歌吧?还 是有先王的遗民在啊!”乐工为他歌唱《大雅》。季礼说:“广阔啊! 乐工为他歌唱《颂》。季礼说:“好到极点了!正直而不傲慢,委曲 而不厌倦,哀伤而不忧愁,欢乐而不荒淫,利用而不匮乏,宽广 而不张扬,施予而不耗损,收取而不贪求,安守而不停滞,流行而 不泛滥。五声和谐,八音协调;节拍有法度,乐器先后有序。 这都是拥有大德大行的人共有的品格啊!”
Musicians sang "Xiaoya" for Jizha. Ji Li said: "How beautiful! There are worries but no second thoughts, and resentments but no words. This is probably the song of the Zhou Dynasty when its virtues declined? There are still remnants of the late kings!" The musicians sang "Daya" for him. Ji Li said: "It's so vast! The musicians sang "Ode" for him. Ji Li said: "It's so good! Be upright without being arrogant, be humble without being tired, be sad without being sad, be happy without being dissolute, use without being lacking, be broad without being ostentatious, give without wasting, receive without being greedy, be stable without being stagnant, be popular without being excessive. The five tones are harmonious and the eight tones are harmonious; the rhythm is measured and the instruments are in order. These are the qualities shared by people with great virtues and great conduct! "
季札看见跳《象箫》和《南龠》两种乐舞后说:“美好啊,但 还有美中不足!” 看到跳《大武》时说:“美好啊,周朝兴盛的时候, 大概就是这样子吧。”看到跳《陬 》时说:“圣人如此伟大, 仍然有不足之处,看来做圣人也不容易啊!”看到跳《大夏》 时说:“美好啊!勤于民事而不自以为有功。除了夏禹外,谁还能 作这样的乐舞呢!”看到跳《陬箫》时说:“德行达到顶点了!伟 大啊,就像上天无所不覆盖一样,像大地无所不容纳一样!虽然 有超过大德大行的,恐怕也超不过这个了。观赏达到止境了!如 果还有其它乐舞,我也不敢再请求观赏了!”
After Jizha saw the two dances "Xiang Xiao" and "Nan Flute", he said: "It's beautiful, but there are still some flaws! When he saw the performance of "Da Wu", he said: "It's wonderful. When the Zhou Dynasty was prosperous, it was probably like this." When he saw the dance "Zou", he said: "The saint is so great, but he still has shortcomings. It seems that it is not easy to be a saint!" When he saw the performance of "Da Xia", he said, "It's wonderful!" Be diligent in civil affairs and do not think you have meritorious service. Who else but Xia Yu could perform such music and dance! When he saw the "Zou Xiao" dance, he said: "Virtue has reached its peak!" How great, just like heaven covering everything, just like the earth holding everything! Although there are those who surpass great virtues and great deeds, I am afraid they cannot surpass this. The viewing has reached its end! If there were other music and dances, I wouldn’t dare ask to see them! "
【读解】
【Interpretation】
这世上的事情,真如地覆天翻,此一时,彼一时也!季礼如 此严肃正经、板著面孔一律称为“美好”,的音乐、舞蹈,对今天 的多数人来说,恐怕是不忍卒听,不忍卒观。同样,要是季札听 见今日的《同桌的你》一类的流行歌曲,看见迪斯科一类的舞蹈, 真不知要气死几回!
Things in this world are really turning upside down, one moment, the other! The music and dance of Ji Li, which is so serious and solemn and has a straight face, is always called "beautiful". For most people today, I am afraid that they cannot bear to listen to or watch. Similarly, if Ji Zha heard today's popular songs such as "My Deskmate" and saw disco dances, I don't know how many times he would be angry to death!
毕竟,观念之间有了天壤之别。
After all, there is a world of difference between concepts.
在季扎的时代,虽有民间小调、自娱自乐的歌舞,却是登不 了大雅之堂——宗庙和朝廷。平民百姓既没有资格,也没有能力, 更没有“懂得音乐的耳朵”、“懂得舞蹈的眼睛”去接受、欣赏、感。 受那些大乐大舞。他们是边缘上的人,永远无缘进入到、参与到 V 达官贵人们的乐歌和乐舞之中去。也只有达官贵人君子公卿们才 会像季札那样把音乐舞蹈看成是关系到国计民生的了不起的大 事,才会那么一本正经、恭敬严肃地加以对待。
In Ji Zha's time, although there were folk tunes and songs and dances for self-entertainment, they could not enter the elegant halls-the ancestral temple or the imperial court. Ordinary people have neither the qualifications nor the ability, let alone "ears that understand music" and "eyes that understand dance" to accept, appreciate and feel. Enjoy those great joys and dances. They are people on the margins, never able to enter or participate in the songs and dances of V dignitaries. Only high-ranking officials and nobles would regard music and dance as a great event related to the national economy and people's livelihood, as Jizha did, and would treat it so seriously and respectfully.
其实这也不奇怪。在他们的心目中,音乐舞蹈是礼丁的一部 分,是政治上的等级统治的辅助工具,作用就是维护等级制度和 政治统治,如同奴仆必须为主子效力、服务一样,因而作歌现舞、 只在宗庙和朝廷这两种场所中进行。老百姓即使削尖了脑袋,也 不可能进得去。
In fact, this is not surprising. In their minds, music and dance are part of the ritual and an auxiliary tool for political hierarchical rule. Their function is to maintain the hierarchical system and political rule, just like slaves must work and serve their masters. Therefore, singing and dancing are only performed in the ancestral temple and the imperial court. Even if the common people sharpen their heads, it is impossible to get in.
我们无法说这样对待音乐和舞蹈有什么好或不好。这是历史 的本来面目,那时拥有话语权力的人的观念就是如此。他们这样 认为,也就照此去做。做了之后还要大发议论,一定要从中挖掘 出深刻的含义来。比如《诗经》中的那些“国风”,不过是西周时 各地方上的民间歌谣,平民百姓在劳作之余有感而发,率兴而作, 哪里想得到什么圣人天子、治理下民、德行仁政之类!男女之间 倾诉爱慕之情,征夫怨妇抒发内心的忧伤,辛勤劳作的农民表这 对剥削者的不满和愤恨,同君子大人们心中所想的有什么必然联 系?所以,季札的评论,以及后来儒生们的评论,不过是他们自 己以自己的观念,先入为主地附会而已。一首《关睢》,本来在这 的是男欢女爱的爱情追求,却被解释为赞美“后妃之德”!
We can’t say there’s anything good or bad about treating music and dance this way. This is the true face of history, and this was the concept of those who had the power to speak at that time. They think so and act accordingly. After doing it, you still have to discuss it, and you must dig out the profound meaning from it. For example, the "national customs" in the "Book of Songs" are just folk songs from various places in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Common people expressed their feelings after work and wrote them on their own initiative. How could they expect to be a saint and emperor, govern the people, and practice benevolent government? Men and women express their love for each other, complaining about husbands and wives to express their inner sorrow, and hard-working farmers expressing their dissatisfaction and resentment towards the exploiters. Is there any inevitable connection with what gentlemen think in their hearts? Therefore, Jizha's comments, as well as those of later Confucian scholars, were just their own preconceptions based on their own concepts. The song "Guan Sui" was originally about the pursuit of love between a man and a woman, but it was interpreted as praising the "virtue of a concubine"!
这在我们今天看来是触目惊心和可笑的。照我们的观念,再 也不可能像季扎那样去理解音乐和舞蹈,不可能板著面孔拿它们 作说教的工具。政治制度的好坏,同音乐舞蹈没有什么必然的联 系。懂音乐舞蹈的人当中有好人,也有坏人;不懂音乐舞蹈的人 当中也有好人和坏人。世事人情的复杂多变,哪里有固定不变的 模式可去硬性框定?
This seems shocking and ridiculous to us today. According to our concept, it is no longer possible to understand music and dance like Jiza did, and it is impossible to use them as preaching tools with a straight face. The quality of the political system has no inevitable connection with music and dance. There are good people and bad people among those who know music and dance; there are also good people and bad people among those who don't know music and dance. In the complex and ever-changing world of things and people, where can there be any fixed and unchanging patterns that can be rigidly framed?
我们更愿意相信,音乐和舞蹈是人们表情达意的一种方式。它 们让人们相互沟通,相互理解;它们也让人通过自娱自乐来获得 精神的轻松和解脱;它们也可以表达我们对天地人的思索;它们 也可以表达我们对人生意义和价值的探索和追寻。阳春白雪当然 使我们高雅,而我们也不拒绝下里巴人。
We prefer to believe that music and dance are a way for people to express their feelings. They allow people to communicate and understand each other; they also allow people to gain spiritual relaxation and relief through self-entertainment; they can also express our thoughts about the world, earth and people; they can also express our exploration and pursuit of the meaning and value of life. The sunny spring and white snow certainly make us elegant, and we do not reject the lower-class people.
